Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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70 soil basics iii chemical Properties, Mickelson SH (ed.). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, pp. 865–906, 1994. 21. Tiessen H, Moir JO. Total and organic carbon. In Soil Sampling and Method of Analysis, Carter MR (ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis Publishers, pp. 187–200, 1993.
CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL AIR AND SOIL SOLUTION All soil includes air and water. Soil air is similar to atmospheric air in that it contains the same constituents, but differs in that it has different concentrations of these constituents, and that the relative percentages vary over time. In nature soil is never completely dry; it always has a layer of water surrounding the individual soil particles.The dust cloud behind a car driving down a sandy road may contain 1% water on a dry-weight basis, while the dust behind a car on a clayey road may contain 10% or more water. In the field water content is highly variable and can range from 1% to more than 100% in some organic soils. A saturated soil will lose water through percolation, evaporation, and transpiration. As the water content decreases, two things happen. The air content increases, and the water remaining in the soil is more and more strongly held. At some point, which will depend on a soil’s texture, water will be held so tightly that it will become unavailable to plants. Most components coming in contact with water will dissolve, if to only a minute degree, and thus soil water is not pure, but rather a complex solution of inorganic and organic ions, molecules, and gases that are constantly exchanging between the solid, liquid, gaseous, and biological phases. It is in this solution surrounding soil particles that reactions occur, and in which microorganisms live and function. The type and rate of reactions occurring in soil will depend on the soil air and on the soil solution composition, and thus soil air and water are intimately involved in all things happening in and to the soil. 4.1. SOIL AIR Soil air is made up of the same basic constituents as atmospheric air; however, the ratios of various gases are different and more variable. First and most importantly, virtually all the void volume of the soil can be occupied by either air or water. The amount of air in soil is thus inversely related to the amount of water present. When the air content is around 50% or more of the void volume, as shown in Figure 4.1, the soil is considered to be aerobic and Introduction to Soil Chemistry: Analysis and Instrumentation, By Alfred R. Conklin, Jr. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 71
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
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CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
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soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
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soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
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horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
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horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
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peds 11 As would be expected, only
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peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
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P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
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soil naming 17 Under most condition
Page 37 and 38: soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
Page 39 and 40: ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
Page 43 and 44: O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
Page 45 and 46: d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
Page 47 and 48: O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
Page 49 and 50: soil solids 31 the name taken from
Page 51 and 52: onding considerations 33 The two op
Page 53 and 54: surface features 35 Because differe
Page 55 and 56: energy considerations 37 side-by-si
Page 57 and 58: In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
Page 59 and 60: H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
Page 61 and 62: eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
Page 65 and 66: animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
Page 67 and 68: plants 49 Grasses and other similar
Page 69 and 70: plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
Page 71 and 72: microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Design
Page 73 and 74: microorganisms 55 microaerophilic,
Page 75 and 76: ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
Page 77 and 78: organic compounds 59 and may contai
Page 79 and 80: organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
Page 81 and 82: R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
Page 83 and 84: analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
Page 85 and 86: problems 67 oxide by components in
Page 87: eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
Page 91 and 92: water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
Page 93 and 94: D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
Page 95 and 96: compounds in solution 77 tion is li
Page 97 and 98: + NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
Page 99 and 100: organic ions in solution 81 consequ
Page 101 and 102: distribution between soil solids an
Page 103 and 104: oxidative and reductive reactions i
Page 105 and 106: measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
Page 107 and 108: problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
Page 109: eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
Page 112 and 113: 94 electrical measurements Figure 5
Page 114 and 115: 96 electrical measurements 1200 100
Page 116 and 117: 98 electrical measurements Referenc
Page 118 and 119: 100 electrical measurements Standar
Page 120 and 121: 102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
Page 122 and 123: 104 electrical measurements In addi
Page 124 and 125: 106 electrical measurements along w
Page 126 and 127: 108 electrical measurements cools w
Page 128 and 129: 110 electrical measurements Science
Page 130 and 131: 112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
Page 132 and 133: 114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
Page 134 and 135: 116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
Page 136 and 137: 118 titrimetric measurement Because
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120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
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122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
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124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
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126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
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128 extraction Organic compounds, i
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130 extraction 3. What is the distr
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132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
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134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
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136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
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138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
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140 extraction serious interference
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142 extraction taining one to sever
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144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
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146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
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148 spectroscopy although technical
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150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
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152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
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154 spectroscopy extract components
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156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
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158 spectroscopy placed in the samp
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160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
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162 spectroscopy Data Concentration
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164 spectroscopy these make analysi
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166 spectroscopy Table 8.1. Importa
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168 spectroscopy nance (NMR) spectr
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170 spectroscopy nitrogen containin
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172 spectroscopy 7. Bernick MB, Get
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CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
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Mobile phase in abaybayby abaybayby
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gas chromatography 179 Figure 9.3.
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gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
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gas chromatography 183 Gas tight sy
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high-performance liquid chromatogra
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thin-layer chromatography 187 They
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alization of components on a thin-l
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conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
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eferences 193 U.S. Environmental Pr
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196 speciation - Al H 2 O K H2O H2O
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198 speciation to consider all poss
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200 speciation many more species th
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202 speciation atomic absorption is
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204 speciation Table 10.2. Common O
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206 speciation reflecting the titra
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208 speciation Some oxyanions are s
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210 speciation 13. Wang J, Ashley K
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212 index Bioreactor, 124 Bioremedi
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214 index Gas chromatograph-mass sp
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216 index Path length, 159 Ped(s),
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218 index TMS, see Tetramethylsilan
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Vol. 34. Neutron Activation Analysi
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Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescen
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