Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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54 soil basics iii B Figure 3.6. A view of soil microorganisms obtained by burying a slide in soil for several days after removal and staining. Bacteria (B), actinomycets (A), spore (S), and fungi (F) can be clearly seen. = Sand = Silt A = Water filled pore = Clay = Water M Figure 3.7. A representation of a soil ped showing aerobic areas around peds and at pore mouths (A) and anaerobic areas (An). The pore labeled A will be anaerobic in the middle and will not drain because of the small diameter of the pore mouths. The points labeled M will be microaerophilic. S A M An A F
microorganisms 55 microaerophilic, while all other areas will be either aerobic or anaerobic. Because of these environmentally different areas, a well-drained soil will have both oxidized and reduced forms of all components present at the same time. Carbon dioxide (CO2), oxidized and methane (CH 4), reduced carbon, sulfate (SO 4 2- ), oxidized and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), reduced sulfur, ferrous (Fe 2+ ) reduced, and ferric (Fe 3+ ) oxidized iron can be found in soil at the same time. In continually submerged soils there is no oxygen, and so the entire environment is anaerobic and reducing. Under these conditions there will be a predominance of the reduced forms mentioned above, namely, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ferrous iron. Soil microorganisms play an extremely important role in cycling of environmental elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. The cycling of these elements and others is often represented as their respective cycle (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, etc.) [11]. Of these the two most important are the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Organisms chiefly responsible for the carbon cycle, animals, plants, and microorganisms change carbon from carbon dioxide to plant and animal tissue and eventually back into carbon dioxide.A critical step in this process is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, and if the organic matter is in contact with soil, these will be soil, microorganisms. During this process other elements important to life are either taken up or released to be used again. One of these other elements, nitrogen, and its cycle have many critical steps carried out by soil microorganisms. There are many other cycles such as the phosphorus, potassium, halogen, and sulfur cycles; the latter is illustrated in Figure 3.8. All the transformations illustrated are carried out by soil microorganisms. It is interesting that sulfur is converted from its elemental form to either fully oxidized or fully reduced forms by various microorganisms in soil. The starting point in the cycle may be either a reduction or an oxidation depending on the electron status of the starting and ending compounds and the environment where the reactions are occurring. It should also be noted that there are a broad range of organic sulfur compounds, linear, branched, cyclic, and aromatic, which, although not shown, can also occur as part of the sulfur cycle [11]. Microorganisms are important in soil chemistry, soil analysis, and instrumental methods for two extremely important reasons: (1) between taking soil samples and their analysis, these organisms can cause extensive changes in the chemistry and chemical composition of the soil sample, completely changing the species and amount of components found; and (2) almost all extraction procedures will cause the destruction of any cells, animal, plant, and microbial, found in soil with the subsequential release of cellular constituents into the soil solution. Some constituents will be degraded by the extraction process, some enzymes may continue to function, and some cellular components will complex or form chelates with metallic components in the soil. These reactions will lead to a more complex mixture of components than one might expect to be the case. All of these eventualities can affect or change the analytical or instrumental results obtained [11–14].
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
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CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
Page 21 and 22: soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
Page 23 and 24: soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
Page 25 and 26: horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
Page 27 and 28: horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
Page 29 and 30: peds 11 As would be expected, only
Page 31 and 32: peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
Page 33 and 34: P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
Page 35 and 36: soil naming 17 Under most condition
Page 37 and 38: soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
Page 39 and 40: ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
Page 43 and 44: O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
Page 45 and 46: d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
Page 47 and 48: O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
Page 49 and 50: soil solids 31 the name taken from
Page 51 and 52: onding considerations 33 The two op
Page 53 and 54: surface features 35 Because differe
Page 55 and 56: energy considerations 37 side-by-si
Page 57 and 58: In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
Page 59 and 60: H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
Page 61 and 62: eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
Page 65 and 66: animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
Page 67 and 68: plants 49 Grasses and other similar
Page 69 and 70: plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
Page 71: microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Design
Page 75 and 76: ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
Page 77 and 78: organic compounds 59 and may contai
Page 79 and 80: organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
Page 81 and 82: R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
Page 83 and 84: analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
Page 85 and 86: problems 67 oxide by components in
Page 87 and 88: eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL A
Page 91 and 92: water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
Page 93 and 94: D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
Page 95 and 96: compounds in solution 77 tion is li
Page 97 and 98: + NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
Page 99 and 100: organic ions in solution 81 consequ
Page 101 and 102: distribution between soil solids an
Page 103 and 104: oxidative and reductive reactions i
Page 105 and 106: measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
Page 107 and 108: problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
Page 109: eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
Page 112 and 113: 94 electrical measurements Figure 5
Page 114 and 115: 96 electrical measurements 1200 100
Page 116 and 117: 98 electrical measurements Referenc
Page 118 and 119: 100 electrical measurements Standar
Page 120 and 121: 102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
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104 electrical measurements In addi
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106 electrical measurements along w
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108 electrical measurements cools w
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110 electrical measurements Science
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112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
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114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
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116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
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118 titrimetric measurement Because
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120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
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122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
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124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
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126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
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128 extraction Organic compounds, i
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130 extraction 3. What is the distr
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132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
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134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
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136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
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138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
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140 extraction serious interference
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142 extraction taining one to sever
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144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
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146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
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148 spectroscopy although technical
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150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
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152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
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154 spectroscopy extract components
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156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
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158 spectroscopy placed in the samp
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160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
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162 spectroscopy Data Concentration
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164 spectroscopy these make analysi
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166 spectroscopy Table 8.1. Importa
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168 spectroscopy nance (NMR) spectr
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170 spectroscopy nitrogen containin
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172 spectroscopy 7. Bernick MB, Get
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CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
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Mobile phase in abaybayby abaybayby
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gas chromatography 179 Figure 9.3.
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gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
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gas chromatography 183 Gas tight sy
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high-performance liquid chromatogra
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thin-layer chromatography 187 They
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alization of components on a thin-l
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conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
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eferences 193 U.S. Environmental Pr
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196 speciation - Al H 2 O K H2O H2O
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198 speciation to consider all poss
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200 speciation many more species th
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202 speciation atomic absorption is
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204 speciation Table 10.2. Common O
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206 speciation reflecting the titra
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208 speciation Some oxyanions are s
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210 speciation 13. Wang J, Ashley K
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212 index Bioreactor, 124 Bioremedi
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214 index Gas chromatograph-mass sp
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216 index Path length, 159 Ped(s),
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218 index TMS, see Tetramethylsilan
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Vol. 34. Neutron Activation Analysi
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Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescen
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