Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
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O<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Si<br />
O<br />
Al<br />
O<br />
Si<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Si O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Mg OH<br />
O<br />
Si O<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
soil solids 29<br />
O<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
Si<br />
O<br />
Al<br />
O<br />
Si<br />
O<br />
Al<br />
O<br />
Si O<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H<br />
Si<br />
Si O O<br />
O O<br />
n O<br />
O<br />
n n<br />
have substitution in the aluminum octahedral sheet. For instance, an octahedral<br />
sheet might have substitution of magnesium for aluminum.These two substitutions<br />
were chosen <strong>to</strong> illustrate that with substitution some bonds in the<br />
clay structure will go unsatisfied. This means that some bonding electrons will<br />
not be shared between two a<strong>to</strong>ms, resulting in the clay having a negative<br />
charge that is satisfied by the same cations discussed for kaolinite (Section<br />
2.1.3.1). This results in cation exchange capacity greater than that ascribed <strong>to</strong><br />
edge effects alone.<br />
The Fine Grained Micas. The fine grained micas are distinguished by<br />
having 2:1 structure and are nonexpanding when the water content of their<br />
surroundings changes. Isomorphous substitution is in the silica tetrahedral<br />
micas, and causes a change in the shape of the crystal. Thus this portion of<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Al<br />
O<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Al<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Si O<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Si<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
Al<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
Figure 2.3. Two types of isomorphous substitution.The middle structure is a two-dimensional representations<br />
of clay without isomorphous substitution. On the left is isomorphous substitution of<br />
Mg for Al in the aluminum octahedral sheet. On the right is isomorphous Al substitution for Si<br />
in the silicon tetrahedral sheet. Clays are three-dimensional, and —OH on the surface may be<br />
pro<strong>to</strong>nated or depro<strong>to</strong>nated depending on the pH of the surrounding soil solution. There will be<br />
additional water molecules and ions between many clay structures. Note that clay structures are<br />
three-dimensional and these representations are not intended <strong>to</strong> accurately represent the threedimensional<br />
nature or the actual bond lengths; also, the brackets are not intended <strong>to</strong> represent<br />
crystal unit cells.