Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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182 chromatography Ionizing electron beam Poles Sample beam Sample input from chromatograph dc and RF voltages Ion collector Figure 9.5. Diagram of quadrupole MS used as detector for gas chromatography. 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 0 R t 1 Time (min) Figure 9.6. Gas chromatograph of soil air taken in Figure 9.7. R t is the time it takes the first peak to come out. Rt values can be found for all peaks if needed. air can easily be analyzed using gas chromatography. A gas chromatograph of the soil air in a container with wheat growing in it is shown in Figure 9.6. A sample of the soil air for this analysis was obtained by simply inserting a small Phillips head screwdriver into the soil to make an access hole for a syringe needle. The syringe needle is then inserted into the hole and the plunger with-
gas chromatography 183 Gas tight syringe Figure 9.7. Gastight syring used to sample soil air; the same chromatograph is shown in Figure 9.6. drawn to move soil air into the syringe (see Figure 9.7).This syringe has a valve in the needle hub such that the sample is sealed in the syringe between taking the sample and injecting it into the chromatograph. The GC used for this analysis is equipped with a flame ionization detector such that each peak must represent an organic compound. If standards with the same retention times are injected into the gas chromatograph under these same exact conditions, then the “identity” of the compound would be assumed. A better approach, however, would be to use a GC/MS that would give a true identification of these components. It is most common to extract a soil, using any of the many extraction procedures described in Chapter 7, with an organic extractant, dry, clean, concentrate, if necessary, and inject the extract into the gas chromatograph or GC/MS. Although such extraction procedures can and are used to study natural organic components in soil, the greatest use of GC and GC/MS in soil analysis is in two cases: (1) to assess the fate of a herbicide or insecticide once they have been applied to a field or in the case of a spill of these materials and (2) to determine the condition of soil contaminated by an industrial organic material such as from a spill or as a byproduct of a manufacturing process. There are no plant nutrients other than carbon dioxide and water, which are volatile, and so GC is not used to investigate soil fertility. A number of techniques have been developed to directly volatilize soil components and contaminants and introduce them directly into the carrier gas of a gas chromatograph. Such procedures avoid the time and cost of extrac
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
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CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
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soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
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soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
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horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
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horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
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peds 11 As would be expected, only
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peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
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P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
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soil naming 17 Under most condition
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soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
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ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
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CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
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O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
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d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
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O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
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soil solids 31 the name taken from
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onding considerations 33 The two op
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surface features 35 Because differe
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energy considerations 37 side-by-si
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In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
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H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
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eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
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CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
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animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
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plants 49 Grasses and other similar
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plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
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microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Design
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microorganisms 55 microaerophilic,
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ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
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organic compounds 59 and may contai
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organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
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R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
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analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
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problems 67 oxide by components in
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eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
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CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL A
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water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
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D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
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compounds in solution 77 tion is li
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+ NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
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organic ions in solution 81 consequ
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distribution between soil solids an
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oxidative and reductive reactions i
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measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
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problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
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eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
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94 electrical measurements Figure 5
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96 electrical measurements 1200 100
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98 electrical measurements Referenc
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100 electrical measurements Standar
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102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
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104 electrical measurements In addi
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106 electrical measurements along w
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108 electrical measurements cools w
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110 electrical measurements Science
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112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
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114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
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116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
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118 titrimetric measurement Because
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120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
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122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
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124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
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126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
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128 extraction Organic compounds, i
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130 extraction 3. What is the distr
Page 150 and 151: 132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
Page 152 and 153: 134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
Page 154 and 155: 136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
Page 156 and 157: 138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
Page 158 and 159: 140 extraction serious interference
Page 160 and 161: 142 extraction taining one to sever
Page 162 and 163: 144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
Page 164 and 165: 146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
Page 166 and 167: 148 spectroscopy although technical
Page 168 and 169: 150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
Page 170 and 171: 152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
Page 172 and 173: 154 spectroscopy extract components
Page 174 and 175: 156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
Page 176 and 177: 158 spectroscopy placed in the samp
Page 178 and 179: 160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
Page 180 and 181: 162 spectroscopy Data Concentration
Page 182 and 183: 164 spectroscopy these make analysi
Page 184 and 185: 166 spectroscopy Table 8.1. Importa
Page 186 and 187: 168 spectroscopy nance (NMR) spectr
Page 188 and 189: 170 spectroscopy nitrogen containin
Page 190 and 191: 172 spectroscopy 7. Bernick MB, Get
Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
Page 195 and 196: Mobile phase in abaybayby abaybayby
Page 197 and 198: gas chromatography 179 Figure 9.3.
Page 199: gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
Page 203 and 204: high-performance liquid chromatogra
Page 205 and 206: thin-layer chromatography 187 They
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Page 209 and 210: conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
Page 211: eferences 193 U.S. Environmental Pr
Page 214 and 215: 196 speciation - Al H 2 O K H2O H2O
Page 216 and 217: 198 speciation to consider all poss
Page 218 and 219: 200 speciation many more species th
Page 220 and 221: 202 speciation atomic absorption is
Page 222 and 223: 204 speciation Table 10.2. Common O
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Page 226 and 227: 208 speciation Some oxyanions are s
Page 228 and 229: 210 speciation 13. Wang J, Ashley K
Page 230 and 231: 212 index Bioreactor, 124 Bioremedi
Page 232 and 233: 214 index Gas chromatograph-mass sp
Page 234 and 235: 216 index Path length, 159 Ped(s),
Page 236 and 237: 218 index TMS, see Tetramethylsilan
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Page 240 and 241: Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescen
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