Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
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anions 203<br />
10.2.1. Simple Anions in <strong>Soil</strong><br />
There is only one simple anion commonly found in soil, and that is chloride<br />
(Cl - ). Chloride is an essential nutrient for plants but is typically present in sufficiently<br />
high concentrations that deficiencies are never observed. If other<br />
halogens are present, they will also be simple anions. Most soils contain small<br />
amounts of bromide as the second most common simple anion; however, in<br />
some cases significant levels of fluoride and iodide may be present, although<br />
this is rare. Inorganic combinations of all these anions are soluble in water and<br />
thus this tends <strong>to</strong> be their predominate species. However, they may be combined<br />
with other components and so may be present as other species; for<br />
instance, fluorine is a component of phosphates and organic compounds, and<br />
chlorine and bromine are components of chloro and bromo organic compounds<br />
such as insecticides, dichloromethane, and other solvents. There are<br />
also other nonionic species of these elements that may be present [18].<br />
10.2.2. Complex Anions in <strong>Soil</strong> (Oxyanions)<br />
Many important soil components are not present as simple cations or anions<br />
but as oxyanions that include both important metals and nonmetals. The most<br />
common and important metal oxyanion is molybdate (MoO 4 2- ). The most<br />
common and important nonmetal oxyanions are those of those of carbon<br />
[bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) and carbonate (CO3 2- )], nitrogen, [nitrate (NO3 - ) and<br />
nitrite (NO 2 - )], and those of phosphorus, [monobasic phosphate (H2PO 4 2- ),<br />
dibasic phosphate (HPO 4 2- ), and tribasic phosphate (PO4 3- )].The soil chemistry<br />
of oxyanions is complicated by the fact that some act as simple anions and<br />
move readily through soil while others react with numerous soil constituents,<br />
forming insoluble immobile constituents. Common oxyanions in soil and their<br />
chemical characteristics and mobility are summarized in Table 10.2.<br />
Molybdate, although present in small amounts in soil is an essential nutrient<br />
for nitrogen fixation, specifically in the enzyme nitrogenase. The mobility of<br />
molybdate in soil is limited, and so this anion does not move readily through soil.<br />
Of the nonmetal oxyanions, those of carbon have a role in soil different<br />
from those of nitrogen and phosphorus. Bicarbonate and carbonate can act as<br />
counterions <strong>to</strong> cations <strong>to</strong> keep the soil electrically neutral.They are also important<br />
because all pH changes in soil tend <strong>to</strong> involve either carbonate or bicarbonate,<br />
and thus they are both involved in soil pH and buffering.<br />
Both nitrogen and phosphorus oxyanions are important because they are<br />
sources of nitrogen and phosphorus for plants and their potential for causing<br />
water pollution. Nitrogen oxyanions, nitrite and nitrate are of great interest<br />
because they are readily formed in soil from organic matter and inorganic<br />
nitrogen containing compounds, particularly ammonia (NH 3). <strong>Soil</strong> must be<br />
moist but not saturated, with a temperature above 20°C for rapid oxidation<br />
of ammonia <strong>to</strong> nitrite and nitrate. Both oxyanions are mobile in soil and so<br />
can be leached in<strong>to</strong> groundwater and find their way in<strong>to</strong> lakes, ponds, and<br />
drinking water. Nitrite and nitrate are readily available <strong>to</strong> plants and can move