Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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214 index Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, 128 Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, 181, 183, 184 Gas electrode, 104 Gas liquid chromatography, 175 Gas solid chromatography, 178 Gaseous phase, 1, 23, 186 Gel, 141, 175, 186, 188, 189 Geologic materials, 7 Glacial till, 7, 8 Gleyed, 16 Gleying, 10, 17, 20 Glycerol, 150 Goethite, 200 Gold, 96 Granular, 8, 11 Grating, 154, 159 Gravitational water, 73 Gypsum, 107, 186 Hair, 46 Halogen, 55, 59, 79–81, 123, 124, 129, 163, 203 HCL, see Hollow cathode lamp Head space analysis, 127 Helium, 73, 128, 178 Hematite, 200 Heptane, 156 Herbicide, 64, 131, 183, 187 Heterotrophic, 52 Hexadecane, 156 Hexahydro-1,2,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, 104 Hexane, 129, 133, 135 Hexanoic acid, 168 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 124, 156, 175, 176, 184–186, 190–192 High performance liquid chromatography/ mass spectroscopy (HPLC/MS), 175 Histosols, 18, 64 H NMR, 168 Hollow cathode lamp (HCL), 155 Homogeneous particle size, 151 Horizonation, 7, 11, 18 Horizons, 2, 7–12, 15–21, 26, 46, 48, 49, 75, 78, 96 HPLC, see High performance liquid chromatography Hue, 15, 16 Humic, 17, 49, 63, 64 Humin, 64 Humus, 16, 33, 45, 46, 49, 57, 61–64, 118, 164, 168 Hydrated K + ,93 Hydrocarbon, 34, 59, 129, 164, 166, 185, 187 Hydrocarbon analysis, 164, 166 Hydrochloric acid, 113, 123 Hydrogen bonding, 34, 42, 59, 73, 195 Hydrogen sulfide, 55, 77 Hydrogen peroxide, 65, 66 Hydronium ion, 80, 82, 97, 115, 116 Hydrophilic, 156 Hydrophobic, 40, 129, 131, 134, 156, 185 Hydrostatic, 188 Hygroscopic water, 74 ICP, see Inductively coupled plasma 1,2,3-Indantrion monohydrate, 187 Induction coil, 154 Inductively coupled plasma (ICP), 154, 155, 170 Infiltration, 4–6, 48 Infrared, 147, 163–165, 170 Infrared spectroscopy, 163, 164 Inner sphere, 83, 195 Insecticide, 131, 183, 203 Internal surfaces, 26 Ion selective electrodes, 100, 101 Ionic, 40, 42, 44, 78, 101, 129, 185, 186, 188, 189, 195 Ionic bond, 32, 33, 34 Iron, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 28, 42, 49, 52, 55, 57, 76, 78, 79, 81, 85, 101, 105, 106, 130, 168, 199–201, 206 Iron oxide, 16, 42, 49, 78 Isomorphous substitution, 28–30, 198 Kaolinite, 26, 27, 28, 29, 42 K d, 84, 85 Ketones, 59, 156, 164 Kinetics, 39 Kjeldahl, 114, 119–122 K om, 84, 85 Lambda max (l max), 156 Landfills, 31 Landscape, 1, 18, 19 Langmuir, 35 Layered silicates, 26 Lease squares analysis, 162 Legumes, 48, 51 Ligand, 128, 129, 200 Liming, 83 Line spectrum, 152 Lipids, 57, 205 Liquid chromatography (LC), 124, 175, 186 Litter, 17 Loamy, 31
Loess, 7, 8 Lone pares of electrons, 27, 34 Lyses, 56, 57, 78 Magnesium, 6, 11, 28–30, 77, 79, 107, 198 Magnetic field, 147, 154, 168, 169 Manganese, 42, 57, 79, 80, 85, 106, 199, 200, 201 Manganese oxides, 42 Mass absorption coefficient, 152 Mass filter, 181 Mass spectrometry, 122, 169, 170, 181, 185 Mass spectroscopy, 155, 169, 175, 184 Massive, 15 Matching pattern, 184 Matrix, 16, 46, 47, 108, 127–129, 142, 148, 153, 198 Measuring soil water, 86 Membranes, 45, 57, 88, 104, 105 Mercury, 76, 96, 201 Mesophilic, 52 Metal cations, 28 79, 113, 195 Metallo-organic compounds, 197 Metals, 26, 28, 30, 32, 47, 52, 55, 57, 76, 79, 93, 96, 107, 113, 137, 148, 151, 154, 163 168, 170, 186, 195, 197–199, 201, 203 Methane, 1, 14, 20, 45, 55, 60, 61, 73, 77 Methanogenic, 77 Methanol, 185 Methyl, 164, 168, 201 Methylene, 164, 168 Micelles, 40, 41 Microbial growth, 100 Microbial gums, 11 Microorganisms, 1, 7, 45, 46, 49, 52, 55, 62, 64, 65, 67, 71, 72, 77, 78, 85, 104 Micropipette, 188 Microwave assisted extraction, 136, 137 Microwave oven, 136 Mid infrared, 163, 165 Millivolts, 96, 103, 111 Mineral oil, 165 Mobile phase, 175, 176, 178, 185, 186 Molar absorptivities, 158 Molecular orbitals, 23, 32 Molecular weight, 45, 59, 61, 77, 169 Mollic horizon, 49 Mollisols, 19, 49 Molybdate, 79, 80, 158, 203 Molybdenum, 79, 198, 202 Mottling, 10 MPO4 -2 , 168 Mucigel, 61 Munsell, 15, 16 Mycelia, 52 index 215 Na + selective ion electrode, 101 Near infrared, 163 Nematodes, 46 Nernst equation, 103 Neutron probe, 86, 89 New Zealand, 19 Nickel, 79, 199 Ninhydrin, 187 Nitrate, 30, 39, 40, 73, 80, 81, 101, 121–124, 156, 187, 203–205 Nitric acid, 113 Nitrite, 30, 39, 40, 73, 80, 81, 121, 122, 156, 203–205 Nitro compounds, 113 Nitrobacter spp., 40 Nitrogenase, 203 15 N, 122, 169, 170 Nitrosomonas spp., 40 NMR, see Nuclear magnetic resonance NO3 - , 40, 51, 80, 93, 203 Noise, 149, 178 Nonaqueous, 128, 129 Nonmetals, 32, 195, 202 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 147, 167–170 Nucleophilic, 28 Nujol, 165 Nutrients, 49, 52, 130, 152, 183, 197 O horizon, 9 Occluded components, 149 Octanal, 168 –OH, 24, 27, 35, 164 Optical isomers, 195, 197 Orbital, 23, 24, 27, 32, 35–37, 42, 147, 154 Orbital overlap, 32, 42 Organic soils, 63, 64, 71, 97 Organic solvents, 129, 131, 132, 135, 142 Organisms, 1, 7, 45, 46, 49, 52, 55, 56, 62, 64, 65, 67, 71, 72, 77, 78, 85, 104, 200 Osmotic, 52, 108, 188 Outer sphere, 83, 195 Oxidation-reduction, 5, 7, 20, 47, 48, 72, 85, 93, 97, 103, 105, 106, 111, 113, 118 Oxidation state, 20, 30, 77, 79, 80, 105, 106, 195, 198–202, 207 Oxidizing conditions, 14, 16, 20, 73, 96 Oxisols, 18 Oxyanion, 34, 79–81, 113, 195, 198, 202–205 Oxygen contents, 5, 47 p orbitals, 27, 35, 37, 42 Paper chromatography, 186 Parent material, 7–9, 11, 15, 19, 78
Page 1:
Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
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CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
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soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
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soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
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horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
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horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
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peds 11 As would be expected, only
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peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
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P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
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soil naming 17 Under most condition
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soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
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ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
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CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
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O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
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d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
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O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
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soil solids 31 the name taken from
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onding considerations 33 The two op
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surface features 35 Because differe
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energy considerations 37 side-by-si
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In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
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H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
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eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
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CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
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animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
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plants 49 Grasses and other similar
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plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
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microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Design
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microorganisms 55 microaerophilic,
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ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
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organic compounds 59 and may contai
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organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
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R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
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analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
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problems 67 oxide by components in
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eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
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CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL A
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water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
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D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
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compounds in solution 77 tion is li
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+ NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
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organic ions in solution 81 consequ
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distribution between soil solids an
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oxidative and reductive reactions i
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measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
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problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
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eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
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94 electrical measurements Figure 5
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96 electrical measurements 1200 100
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98 electrical measurements Referenc
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100 electrical measurements Standar
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102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
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104 electrical measurements In addi
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106 electrical measurements along w
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108 electrical measurements cools w
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110 electrical measurements Science
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112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
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114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
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116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
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118 titrimetric measurement Because
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120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
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122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
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124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
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126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
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128 extraction Organic compounds, i
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130 extraction 3. What is the distr
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132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
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134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
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136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
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138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
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140 extraction serious interference
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142 extraction taining one to sever
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144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
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146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
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148 spectroscopy although technical
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150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
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152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
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154 spectroscopy extract components
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156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
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158 spectroscopy placed in the samp
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160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
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162 spectroscopy Data Concentration
Page 182 and 183: 164 spectroscopy these make analysi
Page 184 and 185: 166 spectroscopy Table 8.1. Importa
Page 186 and 187: 168 spectroscopy nance (NMR) spectr
Page 188 and 189: 170 spectroscopy nitrogen containin
Page 190 and 191: 172 spectroscopy 7. Bernick MB, Get
Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
Page 195 and 196: Mobile phase in abaybayby abaybayby
Page 197 and 198: gas chromatography 179 Figure 9.3.
Page 199 and 200: gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
Page 201 and 202: gas chromatography 183 Gas tight sy
Page 203 and 204: high-performance liquid chromatogra
Page 205 and 206: thin-layer chromatography 187 They
Page 207 and 208: alization of components on a thin-l
Page 209 and 210: conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
Page 211: eferences 193 U.S. Environmental Pr
Page 214 and 215: 196 speciation - Al H 2 O K H2O H2O
Page 216 and 217: 198 speciation to consider all poss
Page 218 and 219: 200 speciation many more species th
Page 220 and 221: 202 speciation atomic absorption is
Page 222 and 223: 204 speciation Table 10.2. Common O
Page 224 and 225: 206 speciation reflecting the titra
Page 226 and 227: 208 speciation Some oxyanions are s
Page 228 and 229: 210 speciation 13. Wang J, Ashley K
Page 230 and 231: 212 index Bioreactor, 124 Bioremedi
Page 234 and 235: 216 index Path length, 159 Ped(s),
Page 236 and 237: 218 index TMS, see Tetramethylsilan
Page 238 and 239: Vol. 34. Neutron Activation Analysi
Page 240 and 241: Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescen
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