Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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212 index Bioreactor, 124 Bioremediation, 104 Biota, 3, 7, 46 Bonding, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32–37, 41, 42, 59, 73, 147, 156, 195 Borate, 151, 204 Boric acid, 204 Boron, 80, 130, 204 Bragg’s law, 150 Broken edges, 24, 36 Bromide, 79, 124, 163, 166, 203 Buffer, 77, 83, 97, 99, 100, 188, 202, 203 Buffering, 77, 97, 202, 203 Buffering capacity, 202 C18 column, 185 Calcium, 6, 11, 19, 77, 79, 81, 107, 113, 114, 123, 134, 152, 198, 206 Calcium carbonate, 123 Calcium phosphate, 123, 206 Calcium phosphate fluorides, 123 Calibration curve, 101, 127, 158, 160–162, 170, 191 Calorimetry, 40 Canadia, 18 Capacitance, 93 Capillaries, 73, 75 Capillary column, 180 Capillary electrophoresis, 124, 175, 188, 189 Carbon dioxide, 1, 45, 47, 50–52, 55, 61, 65, 66, 72, 77, 105, 113, 123, 132, 137, 138, 164, 183 Carbon disulfide, 165, 166 Carbon tetrachloride, 165, 166 13 C, 168 Carbon to nitrogen ratio, 49 Carbonate, 65, 66, 72, 77, 80, 81, 113, 123, 124, 203 Carbonic acid, 72, 77, 132 Carbonyl, 34, 164, 168 Carrier gas, 181, 183, 184 Cathode, 155, 188 Cation, 20, 28, 29, 31, 33, 42, 49, 62, 77, 79, 80, 82, 96, 97, 116, 123, 124, 129, 195, 199, 204, 205 Cation exchange, 20, 28, 29, 31, 33, 42, 62, 80, 82, 97, 129, 205 Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 33, 64, 82, 83, 96, 129 Cation exchangers, 33 CEC, see Cation exchange capacity Cellular components, 45, 55, 78 Cellulase, 56 Cellulose, 152, 186, 187 Cellulose plates, 187 Cell wall, 45, 57 Centrifuge, 140 CH4, 20, 55, 60 Chelated, 198, 199, 200 Chelates, 47, 55, 200 Chelation, 57 Chemical oxidation, 65 China, 18 Chloride, 32, 79, 106, 113, 124, 163, 203 Chroma, 15, 16 Chromate, 112, 118, 208 Chromatographic, 57, 58, 128, 133, 139, 140, 175, 176, 178, 180, 184, 185, 189, 191 Chromatographic column, 141, 176, 180, 184, 185, 189 Chromatography, 94, 122, 124, 128, 141, 142, 175–191 Ciliates, 52 cis or trans, 195 Clay(s), 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 42, 95, 96, 149, 150, 164, 170, 205 Clay layers, 28, 30, 150, 198, 205 Clay skins, 12 Coated surfaces, 41 Coating, 12, 13, 23, 41, 42, 175, 178, 206 Cobalt, 79, 199 Cocci, 52 Coconut, 48 Colloidal, 26, 45, 76, 80, 83, 139, 140, 195, 198, 202, 206, 207 Colluvial, 7 Color measurement, 159 Colorimetric, 127, 158, 160 Colorimetry, 142, 170 Complexation, 111, 153 Conductivity, 94, 97, 106, 107, 181, 186 Conductivity detector, 185 Conformers, 197 Copper, 79, 93, 95, 96, 106, 130, 199 Copper sulfate, 95 Covalent, 32–34, 42, 97, 116 Crumb, 8, 11 Crystalline clay, 31, 149 Cultivation, 14 Cuvettes, 159, 160 Cyclic voltammetry, 105 Cycrophillic, 52 Cyprus, 51 Deionization, 132 Deionized water, 99, 132, 187 Dentris, 20 Desert, 7, 10, 11
Deuterium lamp, 185 Diagnostic wavelength, 152, 153 Dichloromethane, 203 Dichromate, 65, 66, 118 Dielectric, 93, 107 Diethyl ether, 131 Diffuse double layer, 83, 93, 108 Dilution plate counts, 65 Distillation, 119, 121, 122, 127, 132 DNA, 57, 189 Double bonds, 156, 164, 195 Drying agents, 133, 142 Duterated, 168 Duterochloroform, 168 E horizon, 9–11 Eh, 96, 103, 104, 111, 200 Eh-pH diagrams, 103 Electrical conductivity, 97, 106, 107 Electrical conductivity cells, 97 Electrical currents, 95 Electrical double layer, 83, 95 Electrochemical cell, 94, 95 Electrodes, 99, 104–108, 111, 125 carbon, 96 copper, 93, 95, 96 gold, 96 mercury, 96 pH, 83, 97, 100 platinum, 113, 118 reference, 82, 97, 100, 101, 113 silver, 96 zinc 93, 95, 96 Electromagnetic spectrum, 147, 148, 152, 163 Electromigration, 188 Electrons, 24–37, 55, 73, 80, 93, 101, 103, 105, 147, 148, 150, 152–154, 156, 169, 200 Electron pairs, 73, 147, 156, 200 Electron volts, 147 Electro-osmotic flow, 188 Electrophilic, 28 Electrophoresis, 124, 175, 188, 189 Elemental carbon, 42 Elemental composition, 151, 152 Elements, 1, 23, 34, 37, 55, 59, 76, 77, 79, 131, 147–158, 203, 204 orbitals, 154 Emission mode (EM), 152, 155 Emission spectra, 148 Endothermic, 38 Energy, 32, 33, 36–40, 42, 51, 57, 75, 78, 152, 154, 156, 163, 166, 205 Enthalpy, 38 Entropy, 38 index 213 Enzyme, 45, 55–57, 78, 203 Enzyme-soil complexes, 45 Equilibrium, 104, 107, 114, 116, 119 Esters, 156, 206 Ethanol, 131 Europe, 19 Excel, 161, 162 Exchangeable cations, 33, 80, 81, 107, 200 Exchangeable protons, 82, 83 Excitation for atomic emission, 154 Exothermic, 38 Extracellular enzymes, 56 Extract cleanup, 140 Extraction, 20, 31, 33, 37, 42, 55, 56, 64, 75, 81, 83–85, 95, 100, 103, 104, 117, 127–142, 156, 158, 164, 175, 183, 184, 191, 202 Extraction procedures, 33, 35, 55, 64, 134, 183 Exudates, 50, 51, 61 Far infrared (FIR), 163 Fatty acid salts, 40 Fatty acids, 40, 195 Feces, 46 Ferralsols, 18 Ferrihydrite, 200 Fertilizer, 169, 205 Field methods, 86, 88 Field methods of measuring soil water, 88 Filtering disks, 140 Fine grained micas, 26, 28–31, 42, 205 FIR, see Far infrared Fixed nitrogen, 51 Flame, 147, 152–155, 181, 183 Flame ionization detector, 181, 183 Fluorescent indicator, 187 Fluorine, 123, 168, 203 Florisil, 141 Fluvic acid, 17, 64 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 17 Forensic analysis, 189 Four compartments in soil, 197 France, 18 Frequency, 7, 93, 136, 147, 154, 163, 164, 169 Freundilch, 35 FT-IR, 166 Functional groups, 59, 64, 81, 83, 97, 138, 142, 164, 168, 206 Fungi, 48, 52, 56 Furnace, 147, 202 Gamma rays, 147 Gas chromatograph, 128, 149, 169, 175–177, 181, 183 Gas chromatography, 175–185, 191
Page 1:
Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
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CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
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soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
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soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
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horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
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horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
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peds 11 As would be expected, only
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peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
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P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
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soil naming 17 Under most condition
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soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
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ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
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CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
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O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
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d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
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O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
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soil solids 31 the name taken from
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onding considerations 33 The two op
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surface features 35 Because differe
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energy considerations 37 side-by-si
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In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
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H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
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eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
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CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
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animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
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plants 49 Grasses and other similar
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plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
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microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Design
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microorganisms 55 microaerophilic,
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ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
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organic compounds 59 and may contai
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organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
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R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
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analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
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problems 67 oxide by components in
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eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
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CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL A
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water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
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D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
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compounds in solution 77 tion is li
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+ NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
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organic ions in solution 81 consequ
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distribution between soil solids an
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oxidative and reductive reactions i
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measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
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problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
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eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
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94 electrical measurements Figure 5
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96 electrical measurements 1200 100
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98 electrical measurements Referenc
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100 electrical measurements Standar
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102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
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104 electrical measurements In addi
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106 electrical measurements along w
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108 electrical measurements cools w
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110 electrical measurements Science
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112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
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114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
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116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
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118 titrimetric measurement Because
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120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
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122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
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124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
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126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
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128 extraction Organic compounds, i
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130 extraction 3. What is the distr
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132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
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134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
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136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
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138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
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140 extraction serious interference
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142 extraction taining one to sever
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144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
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146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
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148 spectroscopy although technical
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150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
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152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
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154 spectroscopy extract components
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156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
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158 spectroscopy placed in the samp
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160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
Page 180 and 181: 162 spectroscopy Data Concentration
Page 182 and 183: 164 spectroscopy these make analysi
Page 184 and 185: 166 spectroscopy Table 8.1. Importa
Page 186 and 187: 168 spectroscopy nance (NMR) spectr
Page 188 and 189: 170 spectroscopy nitrogen containin
Page 190 and 191: 172 spectroscopy 7. Bernick MB, Get
Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
Page 195 and 196: Mobile phase in abaybayby abaybayby
Page 197 and 198: gas chromatography 179 Figure 9.3.
Page 199 and 200: gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
Page 201 and 202: gas chromatography 183 Gas tight sy
Page 203 and 204: high-performance liquid chromatogra
Page 205 and 206: thin-layer chromatography 187 They
Page 207 and 208: alization of components on a thin-l
Page 209 and 210: conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
Page 211: eferences 193 U.S. Environmental Pr
Page 214 and 215: 196 speciation - Al H 2 O K H2O H2O
Page 216 and 217: 198 speciation to consider all poss
Page 218 and 219: 200 speciation many more species th
Page 220 and 221: 202 speciation atomic absorption is
Page 222 and 223: 204 speciation Table 10.2. Common O
Page 224 and 225: 206 speciation reflecting the titra
Page 226 and 227: 208 speciation Some oxyanions are s
Page 228 and 229: 210 speciation 13. Wang J, Ashley K
Page 232 and 233: 214 index Gas chromatograph-mass sp
Page 234 and 235: 216 index Path length, 159 Ped(s),
Page 236 and 237: 218 index TMS, see Tetramethylsilan
Page 238 and 239: Vol. 34. Neutron Activation Analysi
Page 240 and 241: Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescen
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