Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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52 soil basics iii ditions result in increased solubility of iron and other metals along with reduced forms of carbon and sulfur. Reduced forms are generally more soluble and thus more easily extracted than are oxidized forms. High levels of reduced forms, including some plant nutrients, for instance, iron, may result in levels toxic to plants or other soil organisms. Thus, not only the species but also the extractability and thus the apparent level of soil constituents in the rooting zone will be affected by whether the soil is under oxidizing or reducing conditions at the time of sampling and analysis. Storing soil samples from an aerobic soil under reducing conditions will drastically alter analytical results, as will storing a soil sample from an anaerobic soil under aerobic conditions [6–10]. 3.3. MICROORGANISMS The most diverse group of organisms growing in one location, in soil, are microorganisms. Here we define microorganisms and any organism that is visible only under a microscope. Using this definition, algae, fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, and even some worms, arthropods, ciliates, and other organisms, will be included in this group. This represents a truly diverse group of organisms capable of carrying out an immense diversity of physical, biological, and chemical changes in their environment. 1 Aerobic, anaerobic heterotrophic, autotrophic, thermophilic, mesophilic, and cryophilic are only some of the different types of microorganisms found in soil.Table 3.1 gives the characteristics of these different types of organisms. An indication of their power and importance is seen when it is noted that some of these organisms can create a whole new cell out of only carbon dioxide, light, and a mix of inorganic compounds, including nitrogen and ions! Figure 3.5 is a drawing of soil microorganisms; Figure 3.6 is a photomicrograph of common soil microorganisms, which are differentiated by their shape and size. While the actinomycetes and fungi are both filamentous in growth pattern, actimomycetes are smaller and less branched while fungi have larger, more highly branched mycelia. Cocci and bacteria can be found in virtually all the environments, hot or boiling water, high acidity (pH 1), cold (0°C), basic (pH 12), and high salt concentrations. Fungi, which are aerobic, are somewhat more restricted in the environments that they inhabit; however, some species can live in high-osmotic-potential environments, such as sugar syrups, as well as in or on hydrocarbon mixes, such as diesel fuels. Although all microorganisms in soil are important, most attention is focused on bacteria (often in discussions there is little or no distinction between bacteria and cocci; both are usually lumped together and simply referred to as “bacteria”). This is because they are extremely numerous and 1 The three references to Web sites given in the Bibliography provide additional information and links to other relevant sites concerning microbial activity in soil.
microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Designations of Different Types of Organisms Common in Soil Organism Characteristic Aerobic Lives in the presence of oxygen and carries out oxidation reactions using oxygen as an electron acceptor Anaerobic Lives in the absence of oxygen and uses electron acceptors, other than oxygen (i.e., nitrogen and carbon) Heterotrophic Requires preformed organic compounds for energy and cell production Autotrophic Obtains energy from oxidation of inorganic ions and obtains carbon from carbon dioxide Thermophillic Grows at elevated temperatures; may be any of the types of organisms listed above (>40°C and £100°C) a Mesophilic Grows at moderate temperatures; may be any of the types of organisms listed above (>5°C and
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
Page 21 and 22: soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
Page 23 and 24: soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
Page 25 and 26: horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
Page 27 and 28: horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
Page 29 and 30: peds 11 As would be expected, only
Page 31 and 32: peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
Page 33 and 34: P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
Page 35 and 36: soil naming 17 Under most condition
Page 37 and 38: soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
Page 39 and 40: ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
Page 43 and 44: O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
Page 45 and 46: d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
Page 47 and 48: O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
Page 49 and 50: soil solids 31 the name taken from
Page 51 and 52: onding considerations 33 The two op
Page 53 and 54: surface features 35 Because differe
Page 55 and 56: energy considerations 37 side-by-si
Page 57 and 58: In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
Page 59 and 60: H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
Page 61 and 62: eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
Page 65 and 66: animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
Page 67 and 68: plants 49 Grasses and other similar
Page 69: plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
Page 73 and 74: microorganisms 55 microaerophilic,
Page 75 and 76: ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
Page 77 and 78: organic compounds 59 and may contai
Page 79 and 80: organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
Page 81 and 82: R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
Page 83 and 84: analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
Page 85 and 86: problems 67 oxide by components in
Page 87 and 88: eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL A
Page 91 and 92: water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
Page 93 and 94: D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
Page 95 and 96: compounds in solution 77 tion is li
Page 97 and 98: + NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
Page 99 and 100: organic ions in solution 81 consequ
Page 101 and 102: distribution between soil solids an
Page 103 and 104: oxidative and reductive reactions i
Page 105 and 106: measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
Page 107 and 108: problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
Page 109: eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
Page 112 and 113: 94 electrical measurements Figure 5
Page 114 and 115: 96 electrical measurements 1200 100
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102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
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104 electrical measurements In addi
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106 electrical measurements along w
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108 electrical measurements cools w
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110 electrical measurements Science
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112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
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114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
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116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
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118 titrimetric measurement Because
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120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
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122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
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124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
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126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
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128 extraction Organic compounds, i
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130 extraction 3. What is the distr
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132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
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134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
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136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
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138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
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140 extraction serious interference
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142 extraction taining one to sever
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144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
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146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
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148 spectroscopy although technical
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150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
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152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
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154 spectroscopy extract components
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156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
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158 spectroscopy placed in the samp
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160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
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162 spectroscopy Data Concentration
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164 spectroscopy these make analysi
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166 spectroscopy Table 8.1. Importa
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168 spectroscopy nance (NMR) spectr
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170 spectroscopy nitrogen containin
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172 spectroscopy 7. Bernick MB, Get
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CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
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Mobile phase in abaybayby abaybayby
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gas chromatography 179 Figure 9.3.
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gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
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gas chromatography 183 Gas tight sy
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high-performance liquid chromatogra
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thin-layer chromatography 187 They
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alization of components on a thin-l
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conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
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eferences 193 U.S. Environmental Pr
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196 speciation - Al H 2 O K H2O H2O
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198 speciation to consider all poss
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200 speciation many more species th
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202 speciation atomic absorption is
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204 speciation Table 10.2. Common O
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206 speciation reflecting the titra
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208 speciation Some oxyanions are s
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210 speciation 13. Wang J, Ashley K
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212 index Bioreactor, 124 Bioremedi
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214 index Gas chromatograph-mass sp
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216 index Path length, 159 Ped(s),
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218 index TMS, see Tetramethylsilan
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Vol. 34. Neutron Activation Analysi
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Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescen
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