Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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208 speciation Some oxyanions are soluble in the soil solution and readily move in soil, whereas other oxyanions are immobile and do not move in soil. In some cases species of interest may be combined into new compounds such as to be readily, slowly, or nonavailable to plants. PROBLEMS 10.1. Give some examples of anions including oxyanions that are common in soil. 10.2. Give examples of cations including oxy and hydroxy cations common in soil. 10.3. Write reactions that illustrate how metal cations can lead to the release of protons into the soil solution. 10.4. Illustrate solution, cation exchange, and outer-sphere and inner-sphere species around a soil particle. 10.5. Compare the reactivity and movement of nitrogen and phosphate oxyanions in soil. 10.6. Explain why the occurrence of colloidal species is important in the analysis of soil for other species. 10.7. Compare the characteristics of manganese and iron in soil, and describe their similarities and differences. 10.8. What special roles do carbonate and bicarbonate play in the chemistry of soil? 10.9. Explain why analysis of soil for chromate +6 (Cr 6+ ) species is generally not an enlightening analysis. 10.10. Diagram the compartments in the soil environment and the movement of species between these compartments. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen HE, Huang CP, Bailey GW, Bowers AR (eds.). Metal Speciation and Contamination of Soil. Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis Publishers, 1995. Bohn HL, McNeal BL, O’Connor GA. Soil Chemistry, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2001. Gimpel J, Zhang H, Davison W, Edwards AC. In situ trace metal speciation in lake waters using DGT, dialysis and filtration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:138–146, 2002. Lindsay WL. Inorganic phase equilibria of micronutrients in soil. In Micronutrients in Agriculture, Mortvedt JJ, Giordano PM, Lindsay WL (eds.). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America. 1972.
eferences 209 Ritchie GSP, Sposito G. Speciation in soils. In Chemical Speciation in the Environment, 2nd ed., Ure AM, Davidson CM (eds.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, pp. 237–263, 2002. Ure AM, Davidson CM. Chemical speciation in soils and related materials by selective chemical extraction. In Chemical Speciation in the Environment, 2nd ed., Ure AM, Davidson CM (eds.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, pp. 265–299, 2002. REFERENCES 1. Nolan AL, Lombi E, Laughlin MJ. Metal bioacculumulation and toxicity in soils—why bother with speciation? Aust. J. Chem. (online) 56:77–91, 2003 (www.publish.csiro.au/journals.ajc). 2. Conklin AR Jr. Field Sampling Principles and Practices in Environmental Analysis. New York; Marcel Dekker, pp. 224–245, 2004. 3. Weber G, Messerschmidt J, von Bohlen A, Alt F. Effect of extraction pH on metal speciation in plant root extracts. Fres. J. Analy. Chem. 371:921–926, 2001. 4. Göttlein A, Matzner E. Microscale heterogensity of acidity related stress parameters in the soil solution of a forested cambic podzol. Plant and Soil 192:95–105, 1997. 5. Helmke PA, Sparks DL. Lithium, sodium, potassium rubidium, and cesium. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, Bartels JM (ed.). Madison,WI: Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, pp. 551–574, 1996. 6. Suarez DL. Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, Bartels JM (ed.). Madison,WI: Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, pp. 575–601, 1996. 7. Wells ML, Kozelka PB, Bruland KW. The complexation of “dissolved” Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by soluble and colloidal organic matter in Narragansett bay RI. Marine Chem. 62:203–217, 1998. 8. Marin A, López-Gonzálvez A, Barbas C. Development and validation of extraction methods for determination of zinc and arsenic speciation in soils using focused ultrasound: Application to heavy metal study in mud and soils. Analytica Chimica Acta 442:305–318, 2001. 9. Loeppert RH, Inskeep WP. Iron. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, Bartels JM (ed.). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, pp. 639–664, 1996. 10. Gambrell RP. Manganese. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, Bartels JM (ed.). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, pp. 665–682, 1996. 11. Bartlett RJ, James BR. Chromium. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, Bartels JM (ed.). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, pp. 683–701, 1996. 12. Howe JA, Loeppert RH, DeRose VJ, Humter DB, Bertsch PM. Localization and speciation of chromium in subterranean clover using XRF, XANES, and EPR spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:4091–4097, 2003.
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
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CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
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soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
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soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
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horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
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horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
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peds 11 As would be expected, only
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peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
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P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
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soil naming 17 Under most condition
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soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
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ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
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CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
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O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
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d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
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O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
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soil solids 31 the name taken from
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onding considerations 33 The two op
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surface features 35 Because differe
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energy considerations 37 side-by-si
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In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
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H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
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eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
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CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
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animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
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plants 49 Grasses and other similar
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plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
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microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Design
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microorganisms 55 microaerophilic,
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ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
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organic compounds 59 and may contai
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organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
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R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
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analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
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problems 67 oxide by components in
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eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
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CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL A
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water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
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D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
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compounds in solution 77 tion is li
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+ NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
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organic ions in solution 81 consequ
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distribution between soil solids an
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oxidative and reductive reactions i
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measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
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problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
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eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
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94 electrical measurements Figure 5
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96 electrical measurements 1200 100
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98 electrical measurements Referenc
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100 electrical measurements Standar
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102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
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104 electrical measurements In addi
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106 electrical measurements along w
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108 electrical measurements cools w
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110 electrical measurements Science
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112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
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114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
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116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
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118 titrimetric measurement Because
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120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
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122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
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124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
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126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
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128 extraction Organic compounds, i
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130 extraction 3. What is the distr
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132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
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134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
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136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
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138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
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140 extraction serious interference
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142 extraction taining one to sever
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144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
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146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
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148 spectroscopy although technical
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150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
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152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
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154 spectroscopy extract components
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156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
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Page 178 and 179: 160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
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Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
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Page 199 and 200: gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
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Page 209 and 210: conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
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