Constructing Ionian identities: the Ionian Islands in British official ...

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who possessed integrity, honour and the morality capable of leading the Ionians towards civilisation. From Asia and the Caribbean to Europe, Maitland seemed unstoppable in his efforts to secure British power in the East and West. From the lands of ‘exoticism,’ ‘adventure,’ and ‘darkness’ to the lands of ‘romanticism’ and the ‘classics’, Maitland articulated, developed and practiced strategies to secure British control and authority. Maitland’s Constitution of 1817 was in line with developments elsewhere in the Empire. For example, Bathurst rejected the governor of New South Wales, Brisbane’s, claim the colony was ready for free institutions such as Trial by Jury and a Legislative Assembly. 111 Through the 1820s, Bathurst’s policies in white settler colonies indicated he did not believe in representative institutions. 112 The Ionian Constitution was the result of Britain’s interpretation of the Treaty of Paris to suit British interests in the Mediterranean. Mastery of the Islands was part of a geopolitical attempt to re-address the balance of power within Europe and to secure Britain’s route to the East. The Constitution of 1817 marked the beginning of an authoritarian rule in the Islands, giving the Lord High Commissioner absolute Executive, Legislative and Judicial power over the affairs of the Ionian State. It was the creation of two men, Maitland and Bathurst, who were in agreement over the role 111 Bathurst to Hay, 2 August 1826, B.M 57/58. Bathurst’s attitude derived in part from the belief that New South Wales was “distant Colony of Convicts” and a “rascally Community”, “a place of Punishment and Reform”. Bathurst to Hay, 7 November 1825, B.M. 57/57; Bathurst to Murray 11 November 1822, B.M. 57/64. 112 Bathurst to Somerset, Private and Confidential, 18 October 1824, B.M 57/66. For example, when Lord Charles Somerset, governor of the Cape, seized the press of a colonist and expelled him, Bathurst worried about opposition to this action in Parliament, but supported Somerset’s decision. 108
and direction of European territories within the scope of the British Empire. However, as the next chapter will demonstrate, the Constitution and Maitland’s colonial rule had its critics both in Britain and the Septinsula. 109
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Constructing Ionian Identities: The
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Abstract Utilising material such as
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I owe a great debt to Alison Kitson
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Table of Contents Introduction: Con
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Introduction.......................
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examined the establishment of the I
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This thesis examines the processes
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journeys facilitated “the continu
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approaches and interpretations to p
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Fallmerayer and George Finlay about
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during the examination of the Ionia
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examine internationality, to explor
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‘nationality’ of the inhabitant
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Holland and Markides's focus on Gla
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century. 31 Her work demonstrates t
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“foundational text” of postcolo
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national identity. 45 She argued it
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emains an important contribution to
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prevailing historiographical myths
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such as John Stuart Mill argued “
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qualities of women and instilling t
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context of the Empire, this placed
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This focus on difference, which inc
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literature, particularly Homeric te
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fascinated by their local festivals
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theatre, opera houses and religious
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ut used it to explain elements of I
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years would be, I am convinced an e
Page 57 and 58: British ambiguities in their repres
Page 59 and 60: William Gladstone. Collectively the
Page 61 and 62: The British Parliamentary Papers pr
Page 63 and 64: governments. Politically, Venice or
Page 65 and 66: Economically, the Ionian Islands su
Page 67 and 68: permanent, ultimately had a long-te
Page 69 and 70: Summary of the chapters. Chapter on
Page 71 and 72: power as the most effective way to
Page 73 and 74: The conclusion reiterates the compl
Page 75 and 76: destroyed and occupied lucrative Fr
Page 77 and 78: Fifteen years of vigorous devotion
Page 79 and 80: to avoid the kind of slave revolt i
Page 81 and 82: at preserving the integrity of the
Page 83 and 84: authorities for this purpose”. 27
Page 85 and 86: political situation following the m
Page 87 and 88: centuries under Venetian and Russia
Page 89 and 90: the Septinsula, which led to the de
Page 91 and 92: evolt in 1791 led by Toussaint l’
Page 93 and 94: Maitland's administration “was an
Page 95 and 96: effectively summarised his characte
Page 97 and 98: on the state, character, and condit
Page 99 and 100: political behaviour under their pre
Page 101 and 102: In Madras, Bentinck held more liber
Page 103 and 104: Castlereagh complained of Bentinck
Page 105 and 106: and miscellaneous subjects. 105 The
Page 107: majority of laws passed during the
Page 111 and 112: of these debates on 23 February 182
Page 113 and 114: despotism under the disguise of a r
Page 115 and 116: with “young men from England, …
Page 117 and 118: Ionian individuals. Goulburn interp
Page 119 and 120: 119 “…We [are their] Guardians
Page 121 and 122: Henry argued Maitland’s obsession
Page 123 and 124: authorised to correct the abuses an
Page 125 and 126: “The Lord High Commissioner gover
Page 127 and 128: existing constitution of the Ionian
Page 129 and 130: Islands to deal with Ionian complai
Page 131 and 132: he ceded the territory of Parga, a
Page 133 and 134: who did not obey with exile and con
Page 135 and 136: was killed and three were wounded.
Page 137 and 138: ule in the Islands. 86 What mattere
Page 139 and 140: elieved authoritarian government wa
Page 141 and 142: consideration and benevolent thinki
Page 143 and 144: Conclusion. The Constitution of 181
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 3: Debating the reform of t
Page 147 and 148: followed: an improved criminal code
Page 149 and 150: Nugent’s policy in the Islands di
Page 151 and 152: eform without the Colonial Office
Page 153 and 154: To Kirkpatrick, a member of the Sup
Page 155 and 156: candidate in Liverpool in 1832 and
Page 157 and 158: passion, lack of self-control and r
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Ionian families the economic burden
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Constantinople and win assent to th
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their surplus revenue. Moreover, al
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Mediterranean. They were important
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Douglas’s view of the “very bac
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Charles Grant, Lord Glenelg, was a
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Assembly retaliated by systematical
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was sceptical of the property regul
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He was familiar with imperial polit
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unlawful. 112 Stephen’s opinion w
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Mustoxidi. As European peoples with
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material improvements in the Island
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corruption, and in the next place,
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supported Douglas’s argument that
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Chapter 4: Seaton’s reform progra
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learned European languages. 6 His l
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political institutions and sought m
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suggested by Gladstone during his m
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British administration ruled the Is
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societies failed politically unless
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promised there would be no misuse o
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Indies. In Lord Melbourne’s minis
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New Zealand, where Grey proposed a
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critics. Believing the issue would
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policy to prepare the Ionians for r
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the power of traditional institutio
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military ports and harbours and to
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wounded and several casualties for
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Ionians, especially those without p
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Parliament, trusting Seaton’s ass
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were marked in the margin of the te
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government practised in other parts
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and was considered a “radical lea
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too far on the franchise. 12 Privat
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as the use of patronage, which he b
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Ward believed Ionians ought to exer
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civilised nation, was fit to govern
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that at this time, they were not ye
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a rural struggle against the ruling
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and dismembering of some victims. 6
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joined the Risospasti and expressed
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and Cephalonian affairs. Papanicola
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protection in favour of union with
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there “was something in the posse
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Although Ward privately opposed con
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British protection and the administ
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evised their regulations to make it
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the Senate took the recess of Parli
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have been formed in the English sch
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Islands and making Corfu a colony,
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the existing penalties for direct p
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only get support if he offered patr
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as his opinions regarding Ward's fa
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successor's, Sir John Young's, tenu
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offered a critical view of British
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egan in November 1853 following Rus
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people”. 16 The Risospasti used t
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when dealing with the Assembly. 25
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accept Ionian candidates. Excluding
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superiors to be apprehensive of his
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advocated the union of the Islands
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problems of British rule in the Isl
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Gladstone entered politics as a Tor
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greater responsibility over their o
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Islands connected to Britain. Like
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shared. 85 Gladstone was also an ou
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Ionian Protectorate in the Colonial
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serve as Lord High Commissioner for
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“presents at once the symptoms of
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esulting in the rise of a radical n
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that, with time, the Ionians would
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emaining members nominated by the L
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elationship with a “quarrelsome
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autocratic measures in ruling the E
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impossible. The geographical positi
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nominations were by the Lord High C
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friend Sidney Herbert that his cons
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and imperial supremacy. In the end
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for the post. After the fall of Der
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tone, claiming “the greatest obje
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and other Peelites, “dedicated to
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Prorogation of the Assembly continu
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providing for the substitution of a
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prorogued the Assembly for six mont
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him was that even the most trusted
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condition would move them away from
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conclusive and Storks’s request w
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inclusion of Ionians in examination
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they were not suited for “self-go
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candidates had the “moral courage
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Unlike his predecessors, Storks did
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The Colonial Office defended Storks
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capital. 112 However, such desires
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good impression “with his simplic
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In 1862, Palmerston found a solutio
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At the time of the rumours the Colo
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advantages of personal security and
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Conclusion In the aftermath of Glad
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Conclusion During their years as a
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Correspondence between the Lord Hig
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deserved either representative or r
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constitutional reforms, he introduc
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justify Ionian unfitness for respon
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constructed binary oppositions and
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British parliamentary papers, XXXII
Page 369 and 370:
Lear E., Views in the Seven Ionian
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Synedriou, [Proceedings of the 4th
Page 373 and 374:
Panioniou Synedriou [Proceedings of
Page 375 and 376:
Chytitiris G., “Young and Gladsto
Page 377 and 378:
Dixon C. W., The Colonial Administr
Page 379 and 380:
Hall C. and Rose S., “Introductio
Page 381 and 382:
Iremonger L., Lord Aberdeen, (Londo
Page 383 and 384:
Knox B. A., “British Policy and t
Page 385 and 386:
Makris T., “I eleutherotipia ke I
Page 387 and 388:
Morrell W. P., British Colonial Pol
Page 389 and 390:
Paximadopoulou-Stavrinou M., Oi eks
Page 391 and 392:
Sainty J. C., Colonial Office Offic
Page 393 and 394:
Stringos A., I Epanastasi tou ‘21
Page 395 and 396:
Woodhouse C. M., The Greek War of I
Page 397:
Tumelty J. J., “The Ionian Island
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