Constructing Ionian identities: the Ionian Islands in British official ...

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disagreed on their nature and extent. 22 Seaton’s reforms left British power in the Islands undefined; they were naïve, based on his “confidence” in the nature and character of the Ionians. 23 Ward believed Seaton was hasty in granting the reforms and was influenced by Ionian politicians through personal friendships with them. 24 He considered Seaton a modern liberal and populist when dealing with the Ionians and distanced himself from Seaton’s plans. He wanted Russell’s support for his proposals to alter Seaton’s reforms to render them “safe and practicable” for British rule in the Ionian Islands. 25 The Ionians, Ward claimed, were forced by Seaton to vote for his reforms so they could be seen as liberal by their countrymen. According to Ward, they preferred Maitland’s Constitution. 26 Ward believed Maitland’s Constitution “was a Masterpiece and might have been made to last for 50 years longer” as it was “practical” and worked “smoothly”. 27 He felt “England ought not put herself in the position of trying an experiment, which must lead in three years to an absolute deadlock in government, the Queen’s representative being left without power for good, or for evil”. 28 Ward intended to secure British predominance in the Mediterranean and did not believe Ionians deserved British liberties. 22 Hawes to Ward, Private, 21 May 1852, Grey Papers, GRE/B130/6/61. Both Grey and Ward had similar ideas regarding the reforms necessary but Hawes notes they disagreed on the extent and the time to which they should be applied. 23 Ward to Grey, 8 June 1849, CO 136/131. 24 For example, Ward believed Seaton had suppressed evidence regarding the 1848 disturbances in Cephalonia and hidden his son's, James Colborne's, involvement in the ensuing investigation. See Ward to Hawes, 7 October 1850, Grey Papers, GRE/B130/6/5; Ward to Russell, 6 January 1850, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22/8C. 25 Ward to Russell, 29 June 1849, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22/7F; Russell to Grey, 24 September 1849, Grey Papers, GRE/B122/5/55. 26 Ward to Russell, 6 January 1850, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22/8C. 27 Ward to Russell, Private, 7 September 1850, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22/8E; Ward to Grey, 8 June 1849, CO 136/131. See also Ward to Russell, 6 January 1850, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22/8C. 28 Ward to Russell, 29 June 1849, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22/7F. 228
Ward believed Ionians ought to exercise control of local government before being granted representative government. 29 Ward opposed the new elective law, which allowed the Assembly, not the Commissioner, to choose the members of the Senate. Like Strachey, he believed it would lead to the formation of an uncontrolled and unpredictable Legislative and diminish Britain’s authority over the Ionian people and in the Mediterranean, making government impossible if the Executive came into conflict with the legislature. Other British officials in the Islands such as Fraser, Secretary to the Commissioner’s Office, his successor George Bowen and Sir James Reid, a British judge on the Supreme Court of Justice, supported Ward. Ward believed a “balance of power” with the Senate independent “from popular control” was required for the British administration to function satisfactorily. His proposal allowed the Commissioner to select two of the five of the Senators from outside the Assembly, ensuring a harmonious relationship between the Executive and Legislature. Ward’s plan seemed to resemble the New South Wales model but in reality he resurrected Maitland’s old system and gave the Lord High Commissioner and Senate both Executive and Legislative control. Ward advised Grey to act firmly with the Ionians when dealing with political questions that undermined British interests. He admitted the current system was “inconvenient and undesirable”, but it was preferable to Seaton’s “unworkable constitution”, which would “end by placing H. M. government in the position of being forced to decide either to retain possession of Corfu… by military means or to abandon the 29 Ward to Grey, 8 June 1849, CO 136/131. 229
Page 1 and 2:
Constructing Ionian Identities: The
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Abstract Utilising material such as
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I owe a great debt to Alison Kitson
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Table of Contents Introduction: Con
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Introduction.......................
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examined the establishment of the I
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This thesis examines the processes
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journeys facilitated “the continu
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approaches and interpretations to p
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Fallmerayer and George Finlay about
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during the examination of the Ionia
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examine internationality, to explor
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‘nationality’ of the inhabitant
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Holland and Markides's focus on Gla
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century. 31 Her work demonstrates t
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“foundational text” of postcolo
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national identity. 45 She argued it
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emains an important contribution to
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prevailing historiographical myths
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such as John Stuart Mill argued “
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qualities of women and instilling t
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context of the Empire, this placed
Page 45 and 46:
This focus on difference, which inc
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literature, particularly Homeric te
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fascinated by their local festivals
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theatre, opera houses and religious
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ut used it to explain elements of I
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years would be, I am convinced an e
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British ambiguities in their repres
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William Gladstone. Collectively the
Page 61 and 62:
The British Parliamentary Papers pr
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governments. Politically, Venice or
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Economically, the Ionian Islands su
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permanent, ultimately had a long-te
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Summary of the chapters. Chapter on
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power as the most effective way to
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The conclusion reiterates the compl
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destroyed and occupied lucrative Fr
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Fifteen years of vigorous devotion
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to avoid the kind of slave revolt i
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at preserving the integrity of the
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authorities for this purpose”. 27
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political situation following the m
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centuries under Venetian and Russia
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the Septinsula, which led to the de
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evolt in 1791 led by Toussaint l’
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Maitland's administration “was an
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effectively summarised his characte
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on the state, character, and condit
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political behaviour under their pre
Page 101 and 102:
In Madras, Bentinck held more liber
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Castlereagh complained of Bentinck
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and miscellaneous subjects. 105 The
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majority of laws passed during the
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and direction of European territori
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of these debates on 23 February 182
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despotism under the disguise of a r
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with “young men from England, …
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Ionian individuals. Goulburn interp
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119 “…We [are their] Guardians
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Henry argued Maitland’s obsession
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authorised to correct the abuses an
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“The Lord High Commissioner gover
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existing constitution of the Ionian
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Islands to deal with Ionian complai
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he ceded the territory of Parga, a
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who did not obey with exile and con
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was killed and three were wounded.
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ule in the Islands. 86 What mattere
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elieved authoritarian government wa
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consideration and benevolent thinki
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Conclusion. The Constitution of 181
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Chapter 3: Debating the reform of t
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followed: an improved criminal code
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Nugent’s policy in the Islands di
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eform without the Colonial Office
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To Kirkpatrick, a member of the Sup
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candidate in Liverpool in 1832 and
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passion, lack of self-control and r
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Ionian families the economic burden
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Constantinople and win assent to th
Page 163 and 164:
their surplus revenue. Moreover, al
Page 165 and 166:
Mediterranean. They were important
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Douglas’s view of the “very bac
Page 169 and 170:
Charles Grant, Lord Glenelg, was a
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Assembly retaliated by systematical
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was sceptical of the property regul
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He was familiar with imperial polit
Page 177 and 178: unlawful. 112 Stephen’s opinion w
Page 179 and 180: Mustoxidi. As European peoples with
Page 181 and 182: material improvements in the Island
Page 183 and 184: corruption, and in the next place,
Page 185 and 186: supported Douglas’s argument that
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 4: Seaton’s reform progra
Page 189 and 190: learned European languages. 6 His l
Page 191 and 192: political institutions and sought m
Page 193 and 194: suggested by Gladstone during his m
Page 195 and 196: British administration ruled the Is
Page 197 and 198: societies failed politically unless
Page 199 and 200: promised there would be no misuse o
Page 201 and 202: Indies. In Lord Melbourne’s minis
Page 203 and 204: New Zealand, where Grey proposed a
Page 205 and 206: critics. Believing the issue would
Page 207 and 208: policy to prepare the Ionians for r
Page 209 and 210: the power of traditional institutio
Page 211 and 212: military ports and harbours and to
Page 213 and 214: wounded and several casualties for
Page 215 and 216: Ionians, especially those without p
Page 217 and 218: Parliament, trusting Seaton’s ass
Page 219 and 220: were marked in the margin of the te
Page 221 and 222: government practised in other parts
Page 223 and 224: and was considered a “radical lea
Page 225 and 226: too far on the franchise. 12 Privat
Page 227: as the use of patronage, which he b
Page 231 and 232: civilised nation, was fit to govern
Page 233 and 234: that at this time, they were not ye
Page 235 and 236: a rural struggle against the ruling
Page 237 and 238: and dismembering of some victims. 6
Page 239 and 240: joined the Risospasti and expressed
Page 241 and 242: and Cephalonian affairs. Papanicola
Page 243 and 244: protection in favour of union with
Page 245 and 246: there “was something in the posse
Page 247 and 248: Although Ward privately opposed con
Page 249 and 250: British protection and the administ
Page 251 and 252: evised their regulations to make it
Page 253 and 254: the Senate took the recess of Parli
Page 255 and 256: have been formed in the English sch
Page 257 and 258: Islands and making Corfu a colony,
Page 259 and 260: the existing penalties for direct p
Page 261 and 262: only get support if he offered patr
Page 263 and 264: as his opinions regarding Ward's fa
Page 265 and 266: successor's, Sir John Young's, tenu
Page 267 and 268: offered a critical view of British
Page 269 and 270: egan in November 1853 following Rus
Page 271 and 272: people”. 16 The Risospasti used t
Page 273 and 274: when dealing with the Assembly. 25
Page 275 and 276: accept Ionian candidates. Excluding
Page 277 and 278: superiors to be apprehensive of his
Page 279 and 280:
advocated the union of the Islands
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problems of British rule in the Isl
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Gladstone entered politics as a Tor
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greater responsibility over their o
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Islands connected to Britain. Like
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shared. 85 Gladstone was also an ou
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Ionian Protectorate in the Colonial
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serve as Lord High Commissioner for
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“presents at once the symptoms of
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esulting in the rise of a radical n
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that, with time, the Ionians would
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emaining members nominated by the L
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elationship with a “quarrelsome
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autocratic measures in ruling the E
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impossible. The geographical positi
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nominations were by the Lord High C
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friend Sidney Herbert that his cons
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and imperial supremacy. In the end
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for the post. After the fall of Der
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tone, claiming “the greatest obje
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and other Peelites, “dedicated to
Page 321 and 322:
Prorogation of the Assembly continu
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providing for the substitution of a
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prorogued the Assembly for six mont
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him was that even the most trusted
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condition would move them away from
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conclusive and Storks’s request w
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inclusion of Ionians in examination
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they were not suited for “self-go
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candidates had the “moral courage
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Unlike his predecessors, Storks did
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The Colonial Office defended Storks
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capital. 112 However, such desires
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good impression “with his simplic
Page 347 and 348:
In 1862, Palmerston found a solutio
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At the time of the rumours the Colo
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advantages of personal security and
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Conclusion In the aftermath of Glad
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Conclusion During their years as a
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Correspondence between the Lord Hig
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deserved either representative or r
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constitutional reforms, he introduc
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justify Ionian unfitness for respon
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constructed binary oppositions and
Page 367 and 368:
British parliamentary papers, XXXII
Page 369 and 370:
Lear E., Views in the Seven Ionian
Page 371 and 372:
Synedriou, [Proceedings of the 4th
Page 373 and 374:
Panioniou Synedriou [Proceedings of
Page 375 and 376:
Chytitiris G., “Young and Gladsto
Page 377 and 378:
Dixon C. W., The Colonial Administr
Page 379 and 380:
Hall C. and Rose S., “Introductio
Page 381 and 382:
Iremonger L., Lord Aberdeen, (Londo
Page 383 and 384:
Knox B. A., “British Policy and t
Page 385 and 386:
Makris T., “I eleutherotipia ke I
Page 387 and 388:
Morrell W. P., British Colonial Pol
Page 389 and 390:
Paximadopoulou-Stavrinou M., Oi eks
Page 391 and 392:
Sainty J. C., Colonial Office Offic
Page 393 and 394:
Stringos A., I Epanastasi tou ‘21
Page 395 and 396:
Woodhouse C. M., The Greek War of I
Page 397:
Tumelty J. J., “The Ionian Island
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