Constructing Ionian identities: the Ionian Islands in British official ...

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elieved the mission needed to encourage “harmony between the Ionian Legislature and the Protecting Power”. With regards to cession, he believed “any idea which may still exist as to the possibility or probability of their annexation to Greece should be conclusively dispelled”. 92 Gladstone deliberated whether he should accept the invitation. 93 The mission removed him from the Commons during the crucial discussions of the Reform Bill and could expose him to “mockery for being such a great man stopping to so petty shore” as the Septinsula. 94 However, because he did not hold a cabinet seat, he had no ulterior motive “at variance with the interests of the Islands”. His prominence might also encourage the Assembly to accept his remedies, “a favour they have not acceded to the Ordinary Executive”. 95 He also saw the mission as an extended family holiday where the pleasant southern climate could help his wife, Catherine, recuperate after the death of her sister. 96 Most importantly Gladstone, who had developed views on how Britain should rule her dependencies, now had an opportunity “to govern men rather than packages and currencies”. 97 Gladstone accepted Lytton’s invitation, against advice from his closest friends and associates, such as Lord Aberdeen. He prepared for the journey to Corfu by taking topographical extracts from the Odyssey and examining material regarding the 92 Lytton to Young, 8 January 1859, CO 136/194. 93 Morley J., The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, p. 596. 94 Matthew H. C. G., Gladstone, 1809-1874, pp. 107, 364. 95 Lytton to Young, Confidential, 29 November 1858, CO 136/194. 96 Morley J., The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, p. 596. 97 Shannon R., Gladstone 1809-1865, p. 365. 290
Ionian Protectorate in the Colonial Office. 98 Young provided Gladstone with documents detailing the administration of the Islands and assisted him in his enquiries. 99 Gladstone enlisted the services of James Lacaita, a secretary who dealt with the Greco-Italian population. Lacaita’s appointment showed how seriously Gladstone took his task in the Ionian Islands. Lacaita had been legal adviser to the British legation in Naples before 1850 and had helped Gladstone in Naples seven years before. In addition to examining material from the Colonial Office, Gladstone was also inundated with correspondence from numerous people, both British and Ionian, who gave him their opinions about what needed to be done in the Islands. These opinions varied from the return to authoritarian rule, to introduction of responsible government, or cession of the Islands to Greece. 100 Gladstone, however, considered his mission an opportunity to enact practicable change that would ensure their connection to Britain, based on ideas regarding responsible government he had developed since the late 1840s. Indeed, before he went to the Islands, Gladstone 98 Lytton to Young, 6 November 1858, CO 136/194. 99 Shannon R., Gladstone 1809-1865, pp. 365-6. 100 For a return to authoritarian rule in the Islands see Bowen to Gladstone, 25 September 1858, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44390. For examples of Ionian views supporting cession see Valaoritis Aristotelis to Gladstone, 8 November 1858, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44390; Mantzavinos to Gladstone, 20 December 1858, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44390. For examples of Britons and Ionians who supported reforms within the framework of the Protectorate see Papanicolas to Gladstone, 26 November 1858, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44390; Portlock to Gladstone, 14 November 1858, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44390; Talbot to Gladstone, 4 November 1858, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44390. Major General Portlock and Colonel Talbot had previously served in the Septinsula as an engineer under Seaton and as regent of Cephalonia respectively. 291
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Constructing Ionian Identities: The
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Abstract Utilising material such as
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I owe a great debt to Alison Kitson
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Table of Contents Introduction: Con
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Introduction.......................
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examined the establishment of the I
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This thesis examines the processes
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journeys facilitated “the continu
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approaches and interpretations to p
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Fallmerayer and George Finlay about
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during the examination of the Ionia
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examine internationality, to explor
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‘nationality’ of the inhabitant
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Holland and Markides's focus on Gla
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century. 31 Her work demonstrates t
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“foundational text” of postcolo
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national identity. 45 She argued it
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emains an important contribution to
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prevailing historiographical myths
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such as John Stuart Mill argued “
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qualities of women and instilling t
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context of the Empire, this placed
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This focus on difference, which inc
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literature, particularly Homeric te
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fascinated by their local festivals
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theatre, opera houses and religious
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ut used it to explain elements of I
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years would be, I am convinced an e
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British ambiguities in their repres
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William Gladstone. Collectively the
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The British Parliamentary Papers pr
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governments. Politically, Venice or
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Economically, the Ionian Islands su
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permanent, ultimately had a long-te
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Summary of the chapters. Chapter on
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power as the most effective way to
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The conclusion reiterates the compl
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destroyed and occupied lucrative Fr
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Fifteen years of vigorous devotion
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to avoid the kind of slave revolt i
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at preserving the integrity of the
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authorities for this purpose”. 27
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political situation following the m
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centuries under Venetian and Russia
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the Septinsula, which led to the de
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evolt in 1791 led by Toussaint l’
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Maitland's administration “was an
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effectively summarised his characte
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on the state, character, and condit
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political behaviour under their pre
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In Madras, Bentinck held more liber
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Castlereagh complained of Bentinck
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and miscellaneous subjects. 105 The
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majority of laws passed during the
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and direction of European territori
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of these debates on 23 February 182
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despotism under the disguise of a r
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with “young men from England, …
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Ionian individuals. Goulburn interp
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119 “…We [are their] Guardians
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Henry argued Maitland’s obsession
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authorised to correct the abuses an
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“The Lord High Commissioner gover
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existing constitution of the Ionian
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Islands to deal with Ionian complai
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he ceded the territory of Parga, a
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who did not obey with exile and con
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was killed and three were wounded.
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ule in the Islands. 86 What mattere
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elieved authoritarian government wa
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consideration and benevolent thinki
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Conclusion. The Constitution of 181
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Chapter 3: Debating the reform of t
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followed: an improved criminal code
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Nugent’s policy in the Islands di
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eform without the Colonial Office
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To Kirkpatrick, a member of the Sup
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candidate in Liverpool in 1832 and
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passion, lack of self-control and r
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Ionian families the economic burden
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Constantinople and win assent to th
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their surplus revenue. Moreover, al
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Mediterranean. They were important
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Douglas’s view of the “very bac
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Charles Grant, Lord Glenelg, was a
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Assembly retaliated by systematical
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was sceptical of the property regul
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He was familiar with imperial polit
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unlawful. 112 Stephen’s opinion w
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Mustoxidi. As European peoples with
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material improvements in the Island
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corruption, and in the next place,
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supported Douglas’s argument that
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Chapter 4: Seaton’s reform progra
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learned European languages. 6 His l
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political institutions and sought m
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suggested by Gladstone during his m
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British administration ruled the Is
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societies failed politically unless
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promised there would be no misuse o
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Indies. In Lord Melbourne’s minis
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New Zealand, where Grey proposed a
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critics. Believing the issue would
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policy to prepare the Ionians for r
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the power of traditional institutio
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military ports and harbours and to
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wounded and several casualties for
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Ionians, especially those without p
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Parliament, trusting Seaton’s ass
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were marked in the margin of the te
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government practised in other parts
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and was considered a “radical lea
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too far on the franchise. 12 Privat
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as the use of patronage, which he b
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Ward believed Ionians ought to exer
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civilised nation, was fit to govern
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that at this time, they were not ye
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a rural struggle against the ruling
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and dismembering of some victims. 6
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Page 243 and 244: protection in favour of union with
Page 245 and 246: there “was something in the posse
Page 247 and 248: Although Ward privately opposed con
Page 249 and 250: British protection and the administ
Page 251 and 252: evised their regulations to make it
Page 253 and 254: the Senate took the recess of Parli
Page 255 and 256: have been formed in the English sch
Page 257 and 258: Islands and making Corfu a colony,
Page 259 and 260: the existing penalties for direct p
Page 261 and 262: only get support if he offered patr
Page 263 and 264: as his opinions regarding Ward's fa
Page 265 and 266: successor's, Sir John Young's, tenu
Page 267 and 268: offered a critical view of British
Page 269 and 270: egan in November 1853 following Rus
Page 271 and 272: people”. 16 The Risospasti used t
Page 273 and 274: when dealing with the Assembly. 25
Page 275 and 276: accept Ionian candidates. Excluding
Page 277 and 278: superiors to be apprehensive of his
Page 279 and 280: advocated the union of the Islands
Page 281 and 282: problems of British rule in the Isl
Page 283 and 284: Gladstone entered politics as a Tor
Page 285 and 286: greater responsibility over their o
Page 287 and 288: Islands connected to Britain. Like
Page 289: shared. 85 Gladstone was also an ou
Page 293 and 294: serve as Lord High Commissioner for
Page 295 and 296: “presents at once the symptoms of
Page 297 and 298: esulting in the rise of a radical n
Page 299 and 300: that, with time, the Ionians would
Page 301 and 302: emaining members nominated by the L
Page 303 and 304: elationship with a “quarrelsome
Page 305 and 306: autocratic measures in ruling the E
Page 307 and 308: impossible. The geographical positi
Page 309 and 310: nominations were by the Lord High C
Page 311 and 312: friend Sidney Herbert that his cons
Page 313 and 314: and imperial supremacy. In the end
Page 315 and 316: for the post. After the fall of Der
Page 317 and 318: tone, claiming “the greatest obje
Page 319 and 320: and other Peelites, “dedicated to
Page 321 and 322: Prorogation of the Assembly continu
Page 323 and 324: providing for the substitution of a
Page 325 and 326: prorogued the Assembly for six mont
Page 327 and 328: him was that even the most trusted
Page 329 and 330: condition would move them away from
Page 331 and 332: conclusive and Storks’s request w
Page 333 and 334: inclusion of Ionians in examination
Page 335 and 336: they were not suited for “self-go
Page 337 and 338: candidates had the “moral courage
Page 339 and 340: Unlike his predecessors, Storks did
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The Colonial Office defended Storks
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capital. 112 However, such desires
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good impression “with his simplic
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In 1862, Palmerston found a solutio
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At the time of the rumours the Colo
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advantages of personal security and
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Conclusion In the aftermath of Glad
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Conclusion During their years as a
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Correspondence between the Lord Hig
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deserved either representative or r
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constitutional reforms, he introduc
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justify Ionian unfitness for respon
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constructed binary oppositions and
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British parliamentary papers, XXXII
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Lear E., Views in the Seven Ionian
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Synedriou, [Proceedings of the 4th
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Panioniou Synedriou [Proceedings of
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Chytitiris G., “Young and Gladsto
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Dixon C. W., The Colonial Administr
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Hall C. and Rose S., “Introductio
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Iremonger L., Lord Aberdeen, (Londo
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Knox B. A., “British Policy and t
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Makris T., “I eleutherotipia ke I
Page 387 and 388:
Morrell W. P., British Colonial Pol
Page 389 and 390:
Paximadopoulou-Stavrinou M., Oi eks
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Sainty J. C., Colonial Office Offic
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Stringos A., I Epanastasi tou ‘21
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Woodhouse C. M., The Greek War of I
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Tumelty J. J., “The Ionian Island
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