Constructing Ionian identities: the Ionian Islands in British official ...

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Gladstone, now Chancellor of the Exchequer, had failed to bring about a fair and reformed government in the Islands. 97 Gladstone believed Britain should not abandon the Protectorate but should offer “a really free Legislature and really free institutions” to the Islands with a “large and ultimately a commanding influence over the composition of the Executive government, personal liberty, and with the adequate means of bringing public functionaries, to justice in case of malversation”. 98 Gladstone publicly contradicted Storks’s belief that the Ionians had been “given more liberties than England”. He noted the political situation in the Islands was “a strange and extraordinary mixture of incongruous elements that are … hopelessly in conflict with one another”. 99 Although it was claimed the Islands enjoyed freedom of the press, Gladstone noted the editors of radical newspapers were arrested and exiled for printing their political views. 100 Nor did the Ionians have an extended franchise; while the population numbered around 250,000, the electorate did not exceed 8,000 because of property and education restrictions. 101 In addition, the Lord High Commissioner was still granted the “despotic” power of the High Police. 102 As for the Assembly, it did not have free initiatives concerning financial and legislative matters and a “free government as we understand it, does not exist in the Ionian Islands”. 103 97 Hansard T. C., Parliamentary debates, 3 rd Series, CLXII, 7 May 1861, p. 1681. 98 Ibid., p. 1694. 99 Ibid., p. 1690. 100 Ibid. 101 Ibid., p. 1691. 102 Ibid. 103 Ibid. 340
The Colonial Office defended Storks’s, authoritarian rule on the Islands. For Layard, the failure of British rule was the fault of the Ionians, who did not make good use of their liberal institutions. 104 Fortescue claimed Storks’s prorogation of the Assembly “was necessary” and Storks did not rule alone but in cooperation with the Senate, “an eminent Ionians council” elected by the people and drawn from the Assembly. 105 Debaters in 1863 were again critical of Storks but focused on his early removal of two Ionian judges, Sir Georgio Marcoras and Sir Typaldo Xydras, who he believed were radicals and could influence the decisions of other judges. Derby argued Storks acted illegally and unconstitutionally regarding both the Ionian constitution and British principles on the impartiality of judges. 106 Removing judges of different political opinions could affect the impartiality of the judiciary and lead Ionians to believe outcomes would always favour the government, causing further conflict between the Ionians and their protectors. Derby believed Storks was a worse despot than Maitland. In the Commons, the radical MP Roebuck accused Storks of “bringing this country contempt and disgrace”: his policies and conduct were “not to the honour of England”. 107 The Colonial Office defended Storks, describing him as an able administrator duped by his Senate, a claim rejected by Stanley as “an excuse”. 108 General Peel also defended Storks and believed it was hard to decide whether he had performed his duties in the Islands with “greater advantage to the 104 Ibid., p. 1694. 105 Ibid., pp. 1708-1709. 106 Hansard T. C., Parliamentary debates, 3 rd Series, CLXX, 17 April 1863, pp. 290-296. 107 Hansard T. C., Parliamentary debates, 3 rd Series, CLXX, 12 May 1863, p. 1610. 108 Ibid., p. 1600. 341
Page 1 and 2:
Constructing Ionian Identities: The
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Abstract Utilising material such as
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I owe a great debt to Alison Kitson
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Table of Contents Introduction: Con
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Introduction.......................
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examined the establishment of the I
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This thesis examines the processes
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journeys facilitated “the continu
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approaches and interpretations to p
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Fallmerayer and George Finlay about
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during the examination of the Ionia
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examine internationality, to explor
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‘nationality’ of the inhabitant
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Holland and Markides's focus on Gla
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century. 31 Her work demonstrates t
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“foundational text” of postcolo
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national identity. 45 She argued it
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emains an important contribution to
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prevailing historiographical myths
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such as John Stuart Mill argued “
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qualities of women and instilling t
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context of the Empire, this placed
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This focus on difference, which inc
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literature, particularly Homeric te
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fascinated by their local festivals
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theatre, opera houses and religious
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ut used it to explain elements of I
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years would be, I am convinced an e
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British ambiguities in their repres
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William Gladstone. Collectively the
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The British Parliamentary Papers pr
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governments. Politically, Venice or
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Economically, the Ionian Islands su
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permanent, ultimately had a long-te
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Summary of the chapters. Chapter on
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power as the most effective way to
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The conclusion reiterates the compl
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destroyed and occupied lucrative Fr
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Fifteen years of vigorous devotion
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to avoid the kind of slave revolt i
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at preserving the integrity of the
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authorities for this purpose”. 27
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political situation following the m
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centuries under Venetian and Russia
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the Septinsula, which led to the de
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evolt in 1791 led by Toussaint l’
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Maitland's administration “was an
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effectively summarised his characte
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on the state, character, and condit
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political behaviour under their pre
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In Madras, Bentinck held more liber
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Castlereagh complained of Bentinck
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and miscellaneous subjects. 105 The
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majority of laws passed during the
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and direction of European territori
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of these debates on 23 February 182
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despotism under the disguise of a r
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with “young men from England, …
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Ionian individuals. Goulburn interp
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119 “…We [are their] Guardians
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Henry argued Maitland’s obsession
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authorised to correct the abuses an
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“The Lord High Commissioner gover
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existing constitution of the Ionian
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Islands to deal with Ionian complai
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he ceded the territory of Parga, a
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who did not obey with exile and con
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was killed and three were wounded.
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ule in the Islands. 86 What mattere
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elieved authoritarian government wa
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consideration and benevolent thinki
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Conclusion. The Constitution of 181
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Chapter 3: Debating the reform of t
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followed: an improved criminal code
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Nugent’s policy in the Islands di
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eform without the Colonial Office
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To Kirkpatrick, a member of the Sup
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candidate in Liverpool in 1832 and
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passion, lack of self-control and r
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Ionian families the economic burden
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Constantinople and win assent to th
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their surplus revenue. Moreover, al
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Mediterranean. They were important
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Douglas’s view of the “very bac
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Charles Grant, Lord Glenelg, was a
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Assembly retaliated by systematical
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was sceptical of the property regul
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He was familiar with imperial polit
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unlawful. 112 Stephen’s opinion w
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Mustoxidi. As European peoples with
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material improvements in the Island
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corruption, and in the next place,
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supported Douglas’s argument that
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Chapter 4: Seaton’s reform progra
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learned European languages. 6 His l
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political institutions and sought m
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suggested by Gladstone during his m
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British administration ruled the Is
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societies failed politically unless
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promised there would be no misuse o
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Indies. In Lord Melbourne’s minis
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New Zealand, where Grey proposed a
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critics. Believing the issue would
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policy to prepare the Ionians for r
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the power of traditional institutio
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military ports and harbours and to
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wounded and several casualties for
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Ionians, especially those without p
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Parliament, trusting Seaton’s ass
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were marked in the margin of the te
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government practised in other parts
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and was considered a “radical lea
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too far on the franchise. 12 Privat
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as the use of patronage, which he b
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Ward believed Ionians ought to exer
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civilised nation, was fit to govern
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that at this time, they were not ye
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a rural struggle against the ruling
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and dismembering of some victims. 6
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joined the Risospasti and expressed
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and Cephalonian affairs. Papanicola
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protection in favour of union with
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there “was something in the posse
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Although Ward privately opposed con
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British protection and the administ
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evised their regulations to make it
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the Senate took the recess of Parli
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have been formed in the English sch
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Islands and making Corfu a colony,
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the existing penalties for direct p
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only get support if he offered patr
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as his opinions regarding Ward's fa
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successor's, Sir John Young's, tenu
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offered a critical view of British
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egan in November 1853 following Rus
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people”. 16 The Risospasti used t
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when dealing with the Assembly. 25
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accept Ionian candidates. Excluding
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superiors to be apprehensive of his
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advocated the union of the Islands
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problems of British rule in the Isl
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Gladstone entered politics as a Tor
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greater responsibility over their o
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Islands connected to Britain. Like
Page 289 and 290: shared. 85 Gladstone was also an ou
Page 291 and 292: Ionian Protectorate in the Colonial
Page 293 and 294: serve as Lord High Commissioner for
Page 295 and 296: “presents at once the symptoms of
Page 297 and 298: esulting in the rise of a radical n
Page 299 and 300: that, with time, the Ionians would
Page 301 and 302: emaining members nominated by the L
Page 303 and 304: elationship with a “quarrelsome
Page 305 and 306: autocratic measures in ruling the E
Page 307 and 308: impossible. The geographical positi
Page 309 and 310: nominations were by the Lord High C
Page 311 and 312: friend Sidney Herbert that his cons
Page 313 and 314: and imperial supremacy. In the end
Page 315 and 316: for the post. After the fall of Der
Page 317 and 318: tone, claiming “the greatest obje
Page 319 and 320: and other Peelites, “dedicated to
Page 321 and 322: Prorogation of the Assembly continu
Page 323 and 324: providing for the substitution of a
Page 325 and 326: prorogued the Assembly for six mont
Page 327 and 328: him was that even the most trusted
Page 329 and 330: condition would move them away from
Page 331 and 332: conclusive and Storks’s request w
Page 333 and 334: inclusion of Ionians in examination
Page 335 and 336: they were not suited for “self-go
Page 337 and 338: candidates had the “moral courage
Page 339: Unlike his predecessors, Storks did
Page 343 and 344: capital. 112 However, such desires
Page 345 and 346: good impression “with his simplic
Page 347 and 348: In 1862, Palmerston found a solutio
Page 349 and 350: At the time of the rumours the Colo
Page 351 and 352: advantages of personal security and
Page 353 and 354: Conclusion In the aftermath of Glad
Page 355 and 356: Conclusion During their years as a
Page 357 and 358: Correspondence between the Lord Hig
Page 359 and 360: deserved either representative or r
Page 361 and 362: constitutional reforms, he introduc
Page 363 and 364: justify Ionian unfitness for respon
Page 365 and 366: constructed binary oppositions and
Page 367 and 368: British parliamentary papers, XXXII
Page 369 and 370: Lear E., Views in the Seven Ionian
Page 371 and 372: Synedriou, [Proceedings of the 4th
Page 373 and 374: Panioniou Synedriou [Proceedings of
Page 375 and 376: Chytitiris G., “Young and Gladsto
Page 377 and 378: Dixon C. W., The Colonial Administr
Page 379 and 380: Hall C. and Rose S., “Introductio
Page 381 and 382: Iremonger L., Lord Aberdeen, (Londo
Page 383 and 384: Knox B. A., “British Policy and t
Page 385 and 386: Makris T., “I eleutherotipia ke I
Page 387 and 388: Morrell W. P., British Colonial Pol
Page 389 and 390: Paximadopoulou-Stavrinou M., Oi eks
Page 391 and 392:
Sainty J. C., Colonial Office Offic
Page 393 and 394:
Stringos A., I Epanastasi tou ‘21
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Woodhouse C. M., The Greek War of I
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Tumelty J. J., “The Ionian Island
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