Constructing Ionian identities: the Ionian Islands in British official ...

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made public works for the Islands almost impossible to achieve and complete while concurrently he and Newcastle attempted to improve the Islands' finances by renegotiating trade rights and duties with the Treasury, which failed because of the ambiguous nature of the Protectorate. Even during the negotiations concerning cession of the Islands, Storks believed he could make the Islands governable. Throughout his tenure he was considered by many Ionians, and even his own peers, to be as despotic as Maitland. When the Islands were ceded to Greece in 1863, it was Britain who determined the new Greek monarch in order to strengthen her supremacy in the Mediterranean. Britain negotiated the terms of cession with the other European Powers, marginalising Storks and the Ionians. While cession to Greece had long been desired by some Ionians, particularly the Risospasti, Storks was ordered to prorogue the Assembly to suppress debate and possible opposition to the practicalities of the union; his voice was also suppressed by Russell and Newcastle, who amended his speeches to the Assembly. Had the right political opportunity not presented itself, Storks and Britain would most likely have continued their experiment with forms of rule for the Islands. 354
Conclusion During their years as a protectorate, there was a constant uncertainty about the status of the Islands and how they fitted into the Empire. Under the terms of the Treaty of 1815, the Islands were to be a free and independent state under British protection. But they were a Protectorate, established as a consequence of the complex military and diplomatic situation in post-Napoleonic Europe to help stabilise the continent. For the British, the Islands were important for the Empire as part of a comprehensive colonial Mediterranean policy with Malta and Gibraltar and because they ensured a safe passage to India. Despite British attempts to impose a form of colonial rule, they were never a colony nor were they granted the economic and commercial privileges other colonies enjoyed. This ambiguity of the place of the Islands within the Empire provided the key to the many failed attempts to rule. This ambiguity connected with the history of the Islands, which were real links to an imagined and literary classical past. Some governors came to the Islands with their Homeric texts and romanticised views of the people and geography. Yet the Islands had also been, for over four hundred years, a colony of another European power, Venice, and later the French, Russian-Turkish allies, and British, all of whom introduced aspects of their own laws, forms of government, language and culture to the Islands. The Islands’ themselves had strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties to Greece, yet many inhabitants were not Greeks. As a result, the Islands were indeed hybrid: a mixture of numerous influences and contradictions. 355
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Constructing Ionian Identities: The
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Abstract Utilising material such as
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I owe a great debt to Alison Kitson
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Table of Contents Introduction: Con
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Introduction.......................
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examined the establishment of the I
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This thesis examines the processes
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journeys facilitated “the continu
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approaches and interpretations to p
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Fallmerayer and George Finlay about
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during the examination of the Ionia
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examine internationality, to explor
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‘nationality’ of the inhabitant
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Holland and Markides's focus on Gla
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century. 31 Her work demonstrates t
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“foundational text” of postcolo
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national identity. 45 She argued it
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emains an important contribution to
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prevailing historiographical myths
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such as John Stuart Mill argued “
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qualities of women and instilling t
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context of the Empire, this placed
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This focus on difference, which inc
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literature, particularly Homeric te
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fascinated by their local festivals
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theatre, opera houses and religious
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ut used it to explain elements of I
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years would be, I am convinced an e
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British ambiguities in their repres
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William Gladstone. Collectively the
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The British Parliamentary Papers pr
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governments. Politically, Venice or
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Economically, the Ionian Islands su
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permanent, ultimately had a long-te
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Summary of the chapters. Chapter on
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power as the most effective way to
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The conclusion reiterates the compl
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destroyed and occupied lucrative Fr
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Fifteen years of vigorous devotion
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to avoid the kind of slave revolt i
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at preserving the integrity of the
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authorities for this purpose”. 27
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political situation following the m
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centuries under Venetian and Russia
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the Septinsula, which led to the de
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evolt in 1791 led by Toussaint l’
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Maitland's administration “was an
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effectively summarised his characte
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on the state, character, and condit
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political behaviour under their pre
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In Madras, Bentinck held more liber
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Castlereagh complained of Bentinck
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and miscellaneous subjects. 105 The
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majority of laws passed during the
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and direction of European territori
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of these debates on 23 February 182
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despotism under the disguise of a r
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with “young men from England, …
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Ionian individuals. Goulburn interp
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119 “…We [are their] Guardians
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Henry argued Maitland’s obsession
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authorised to correct the abuses an
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“The Lord High Commissioner gover
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existing constitution of the Ionian
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Islands to deal with Ionian complai
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he ceded the territory of Parga, a
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who did not obey with exile and con
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was killed and three were wounded.
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ule in the Islands. 86 What mattere
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elieved authoritarian government wa
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consideration and benevolent thinki
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Conclusion. The Constitution of 181
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Chapter 3: Debating the reform of t
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followed: an improved criminal code
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Nugent’s policy in the Islands di
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eform without the Colonial Office
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To Kirkpatrick, a member of the Sup
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candidate in Liverpool in 1832 and
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passion, lack of self-control and r
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Ionian families the economic burden
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Constantinople and win assent to th
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their surplus revenue. Moreover, al
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Mediterranean. They were important
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Douglas’s view of the “very bac
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Charles Grant, Lord Glenelg, was a
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Assembly retaliated by systematical
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was sceptical of the property regul
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He was familiar with imperial polit
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unlawful. 112 Stephen’s opinion w
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Mustoxidi. As European peoples with
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material improvements in the Island
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corruption, and in the next place,
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supported Douglas’s argument that
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Chapter 4: Seaton’s reform progra
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learned European languages. 6 His l
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political institutions and sought m
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suggested by Gladstone during his m
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British administration ruled the Is
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societies failed politically unless
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promised there would be no misuse o
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Indies. In Lord Melbourne’s minis
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New Zealand, where Grey proposed a
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critics. Believing the issue would
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policy to prepare the Ionians for r
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the power of traditional institutio
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military ports and harbours and to
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wounded and several casualties for
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Ionians, especially those without p
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Parliament, trusting Seaton’s ass
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were marked in the margin of the te
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government practised in other parts
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and was considered a “radical lea
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too far on the franchise. 12 Privat
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as the use of patronage, which he b
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Ward believed Ionians ought to exer
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civilised nation, was fit to govern
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that at this time, they were not ye
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a rural struggle against the ruling
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and dismembering of some victims. 6
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joined the Risospasti and expressed
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and Cephalonian affairs. Papanicola
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protection in favour of union with
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there “was something in the posse
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Although Ward privately opposed con
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British protection and the administ
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evised their regulations to make it
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the Senate took the recess of Parli
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have been formed in the English sch
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Islands and making Corfu a colony,
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the existing penalties for direct p
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only get support if he offered patr
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as his opinions regarding Ward's fa
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successor's, Sir John Young's, tenu
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offered a critical view of British
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egan in November 1853 following Rus
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people”. 16 The Risospasti used t
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when dealing with the Assembly. 25
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accept Ionian candidates. Excluding
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superiors to be apprehensive of his
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advocated the union of the Islands
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problems of British rule in the Isl
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Gladstone entered politics as a Tor
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greater responsibility over their o
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Islands connected to Britain. Like
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shared. 85 Gladstone was also an ou
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Ionian Protectorate in the Colonial
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serve as Lord High Commissioner for
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“presents at once the symptoms of
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esulting in the rise of a radical n
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that, with time, the Ionians would
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emaining members nominated by the L
Page 303 and 304: elationship with a “quarrelsome
Page 305 and 306: autocratic measures in ruling the E
Page 307 and 308: impossible. The geographical positi
Page 309 and 310: nominations were by the Lord High C
Page 311 and 312: friend Sidney Herbert that his cons
Page 313 and 314: and imperial supremacy. In the end
Page 315 and 316: for the post. After the fall of Der
Page 317 and 318: tone, claiming “the greatest obje
Page 319 and 320: and other Peelites, “dedicated to
Page 321 and 322: Prorogation of the Assembly continu
Page 323 and 324: providing for the substitution of a
Page 325 and 326: prorogued the Assembly for six mont
Page 327 and 328: him was that even the most trusted
Page 329 and 330: condition would move them away from
Page 331 and 332: conclusive and Storks’s request w
Page 333 and 334: inclusion of Ionians in examination
Page 335 and 336: they were not suited for “self-go
Page 337 and 338: candidates had the “moral courage
Page 339 and 340: Unlike his predecessors, Storks did
Page 341 and 342: The Colonial Office defended Storks
Page 343 and 344: capital. 112 However, such desires
Page 345 and 346: good impression “with his simplic
Page 347 and 348: In 1862, Palmerston found a solutio
Page 349 and 350: At the time of the rumours the Colo
Page 351 and 352: advantages of personal security and
Page 353: Conclusion In the aftermath of Glad
Page 357 and 358: Correspondence between the Lord Hig
Page 359 and 360: deserved either representative or r
Page 361 and 362: constitutional reforms, he introduc
Page 363 and 364: justify Ionian unfitness for respon
Page 365 and 366: constructed binary oppositions and
Page 367 and 368: British parliamentary papers, XXXII
Page 369 and 370: Lear E., Views in the Seven Ionian
Page 371 and 372: Synedriou, [Proceedings of the 4th
Page 373 and 374: Panioniou Synedriou [Proceedings of
Page 375 and 376: Chytitiris G., “Young and Gladsto
Page 377 and 378: Dixon C. W., The Colonial Administr
Page 379 and 380: Hall C. and Rose S., “Introductio
Page 381 and 382: Iremonger L., Lord Aberdeen, (Londo
Page 383 and 384: Knox B. A., “British Policy and t
Page 385 and 386: Makris T., “I eleutherotipia ke I
Page 387 and 388: Morrell W. P., British Colonial Pol
Page 389 and 390: Paximadopoulou-Stavrinou M., Oi eks
Page 391 and 392: Sainty J. C., Colonial Office Offic
Page 393 and 394: Stringos A., I Epanastasi tou ‘21
Page 395 and 396: Woodhouse C. M., The Greek War of I
Page 397: Tumelty J. J., “The Ionian Island
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