Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Kirindy Antananarivo Fort-Dauphin Fig. 1. Location of the study sites. Madagascar Morondava Sainte Luce Intersite comparison METHODS Study Sites Data were collected at two sites: Sainte Luce (STL) and Kirindy/CFPF (KIR). In STL the study site is a 377-ha fragment of humid littoral forest located in southeastern Madagascar, 50km north of Fort-Dauphin/Tolagnaro at 24º45'S 47º11'E. Data collection was carried out by AB and GD between November 1999 and February 2001 (Fig. 1, Donati 2002). From January 2000 through December 2000 annual rainfall was 2,480 mm with four distinct seasons; hot-wet (December-February), hot-dry (March-May), cold-wet (June-August) and transitional-dry (September-November) (Donati 2002), but substantial inter-annual variation has been recorded (QIT Madagascar Minerals, unpubl. data). Mean temperature is about 23°C and ranges from 12°C to 33°C. The littoral forest of STL is characterised by a relatively open or non-continuous canopy, which is 6 to 12m in height with emergents of up to 20 m (Lewis Environmental Consultants 1992a). The diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees rarely exceeds 30-40cm (Rabevohitra et al. 1996). Littoral forest grows on sandy soils and occurs within 2-3km of the coast at an altitude of 0-20m (Dumetz 1999). The forest of Kirindy/CFPF is a forestry concession of the Centre Formation Professionnelle Forestière de Morondava at 20°04’S 44°40’E, some 60km north of Morondava in west-Madagascar). It consists of 12,000ha of dry deciduous forest. Annual rainfall averages about 800 mm with a long distinct dry season from April to October when most trees lose their leaves. Most rain falls between December and February. 113
Chapter 4 Mean temperature is around 24.7°C and relative humidity varies between 58% and 67% with an average of 63% (Rakotonirina 1996; Sorg and Rohner 1996). The canopy reaches 10-12m in height. Trees with DBH50%) consists of fruits and/or seeds so they may be considered as possible seed dispersers. Two lemur species were studied in more detail for this study. These were Eulemur fulvus rufus in KIR and E. f. collaris in STL and Cheirogaleus medius at both sites. These species, particularly E. fulvus, are supposed to represent very important, if not essential, seed dispersers in Malagasy forests (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a). Phenology and pluviometry In STL a phenological transect with a total of 423 individual trees belonging to 95 species and 43 families was set up by AB and GD and monitored between January 2000 and January 2001. Trees sampled for phenology had a DBH>5cm and an effort was made to obtain five individuals per species whenever possible. Twice a month, presence or absence of young leaves, flowers, unripe and ripe fruits were recorded. A Tru-Check Rain Gauge was installed at the campsite in December 1999. It was checked and emptied each morning around 06h00. during the whole study period. For KIR rainfall and phenological data were taken from Sorg and Rohner (1996) involving 80 individual trees of 56 species (26 families) monitored over several years (1978-1987). For the present phenology analysis only large overstory tree species were considered. Small trees, shrubs, vines and epiphytes were left out in order to allow comparison between sites. A subsample of both phenologies (STL: 54 spp., KIR: 32 spp.) was extracted to include only those plant species that had been characterised morphologically (see below). Plant and fruit characteristics In STL and KIR fruits of 173 and 171 plant species belonging to 58 and 47 families Morphological characteristics Variables used to characterise fruits were: Growth form of parent plant: large tree, small tree and shrub, others (including herbs, vines and epiphytes); Fruit type: berry, drupe, capsule, pod, samara, synconia, others; Pulp type: juicy soft, juicy fibrous, dry fibrous, aril, no pulp; (in phenology ‘fleshy’ fruits are characterised as juicy soft, juicy fibrous or arillate; ‘nonfleshy’ fruits are dry fibrous or do not have any pulp); Colour: yellow-orange, red, purple, brown, green, others (black, grey and white), (multicoloured fruits were put in the category of the most conspicuous colour present); Odour: absent, present; 114
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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