Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Pteropus rufus larger number of species. Twenty-three plant species (61%), from a total of 38 food species identified by faecal samples were represented only by one or two seeds per of dropping. More than 50 seeds per dropping were found for 13% of the food plant species. The remaining 26% of the plant species had two to eight seeds in droppings. Most of the direct encounters occurred from April through June while the flying foxes were feeding mainly on fruits of Terminalia fatraea, Dypsis prestoniana and Syzigium sp.2, and on flowers of Ravenala madagascariensis. Out of a total of 47 independent observations (Table 3), the median number of individuals feeding together was 1 (range 1–15) and the median visitation length was 2 minutes (range 1–48min). Sometimes feeding animals would take off carrying one or more fruits to a neighbouring tree, eat them and then return to the original fruit tree. On other occasions individuals would remain eating in the fruit tree itself. The longest visitation length (48min) and largest group size (N=15) were recorded in T. fatraea. During observations it was also clear from the falling seeds and ejecta pellets that flying foxes most often only suck out juices from the pulp and then systematically drop or spit out the remaining pulp fraction and seeds. This feeding behaviour was noticed for T. fatraea, D. prestoniana, and Syzigium sp.2. Only few data of feeding on flowers were recorded. On one occasion flower petals of Ludia antanosarum (Flacourtiaceae) were noticed to be abundantly present in the faecal samples during May while this tree species is blooming. Furthermore the flying foxes were observed feeding on the nectar of Ravenala madagascariensis (Strelitziaceae) flying from one tree to another on several occasions. Number of species 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J cumulative distribution monthly distribution Months Fig. 2. The monthly and cumulative distribution of the number of plant species eaten by Pteropus rufus over a 13-month period. 91
Chapter 3a 92 Table 2. Temporal distribution of feeding patterns of the bats per plant taxon per month from January 2000 to January 2001 with indication of type of evidence (F: faecal samples, O: observation, M: recognizable feeding marks on ejecta pellets) per month. Number of seeds/dropping Max - - - 8 - - ND 3 3 - 3 2 2 4 - - ND - - 11 50+ 10 - - - 300+ Min - - - 4 - - ND 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - ND - - 2 27 1 - - - 5 Median 1 1 1 6 1 1 ND 1 1 100+ 1 2 1 2.5 8 4 ND 1 1 9 50+ 4 1 1 100+ 100+ Faecal samples (N) 2 4 1 2 1 1 - 11 3 1 34 43 9 2 1 1 - 1 1 3 36 4 1 1 12 148 J D N F F OF OF OF M F Number of droppings per taxon is also given. The five most important species are highlighted. 'Feeding' months Taxon J F M A M J J A S O Dracaena reflexa var. nervosa 'falinandro' F Dracaena reflexa var. nervosa 'tavolobotroka' F F Polyalthia madagascariensis F Polyscias sp. F Dypsis prestoniana OM F Dypsis nodifera MF Ophiocolea delphinensis M Cinnamosma madagascariensis F F F Terminalia fatraea M OM OM M Vaccinium emirnense F Uapaca ferruginea O F OF OF Uapaca thouarsii F Uapaca littoralis M F F F F Ludia antanosarum 'hazofotsy' F F Ludia antanosarum 'zorafotsy' F Scolopia orientalis O O Beilschmiedia madagascariensis Ocotea sp. Bakerella sp. F Bakerella ambongoensis F F F Anthocleista madagascariensis F Anthocleista longifolia F F Tambourissa purpurea 'ambora' F Tambourissa purpurea 'amboralahy' F Ficus baronii F Ficus guatteriifolia F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 On a community level the
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
Page 63 and 64: Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
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Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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