Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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20°S N MADAGASCAR 50°E Sainte Luce Fort Dauphin SAINTE LUCE S9 fruit trail phenological transect Phenology Fig. 1. Map of Madagascar with indication of the study site together with an enlargement of the forest fragment ‘S9’ where the study was carried out. A detail of the grid with corresponding phenology transects and fruit trails is shown as well. Phenological transect A systematic floristic and phenology inventory was conducted as part of two doctoral research projects in the littoral forest: one on the behavioural ecology of Eulemur fulvus collaris (Donati 2002) and the other on seed dispersal and predation by the frugivorous guild (Bollen and Van Elsacker 2002, Chapter 3a; Bollen et al. in press, Chapter 4). All plant species with DBH greater than 5cm (conform to other Malagasy studies, see Meyers and Wright 1993; Overdorff 1993a; Hemingway 1996) within 5m of each side of the transects were tagged with fluorescent flags provided by an individual code. Ideally, five individuals per species were marked. Additional tree species were added to this list. These involved important known frugivore resources that did not occur on the transect or only at very low densities. The complete phenological transect consisted of 423 individuals of 95 species (74 genera; 43 families) sampled over two botanical transects covering 2320x10m² (Fig. 1). Eighteen trees died naturally or were cut during the sampling period, resulting in a complete data set of 405 individuals. The different vegetation types, such as primary, secondary and swamp forest as well as abandoned tavy (slash and burn areas) were represented in the phenological transect. Phenological data were recorded once a month as of January 2000 up to present. Here we present data from January 2000 through December 2002. The different categories considered are the following: Leafing: no leaves, presence of young leaves, full of leaves, leaf fall; Flowering: no flowers, flower buds, open flowers, fallen flowers; Fruiting: no fruits, fruit buds, unripe, ripe or fallen fruits, dry fruits of last season. 100m campsite route nationale Sainte Luce – Mahatalaky 100m 17
Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed these categories down to complete leaf fall, presence or absence of young leaves, flowers, ripe and other fruits. Observations on leafing, flowering and fruiting were always made by the same team of two field assistants, who scanned the canopy with binoculars and checked the litter below for fallen flowers and/or fruits. A species was scored flushing, flowering or fruiting if at least one individual of this species was in this phenophases. To differentiate between unripe and ripe fruits, we focused on differences in colour, size and consistency. No attempt was made to estimate overall fruit production. Neither did we use quantitative scores nor relative abundance of leaves, flowers and fruits as we lacked previous knowledge on crop sizes. Furthermore the high variability of crop sizes intra- and inter-specifically in time, related to tree size, makes it difficult to objectively quantify these reproductive events. Moreover, various measures are used in different studies which makes comparison problematic and according to Chapman et al. (1992a) interobserver variability is high. We further subdivided our species sample by life form into large trees (>6m), small trees (
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Page 5 and 6: Table of contents III. General conc
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements A special word of
Page 10: PREFACE Preface This work brings to
Page 13 and 14: General introduction Finally, seed
Page 15 and 16: General introduction high as 98% fo
Page 19 and 20: ’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Page 35 and 36: Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 41 and 42: Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 the successful establishm
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 On a community level the
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
Page 63 and 64: Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
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Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
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Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
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Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
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Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
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Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
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Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
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Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
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Chapter 4 considering species numbe
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’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
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Chapter 5 environmental degradation
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Chapter 5 at a very low density in
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Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
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Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
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Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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