Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Frugivore guild Table 4 Continued Parameters Eulemur fulvus collaris Cheirogaleus spp. Food Non food Z Food Non food Z Seed number 2.00 1.50 -0.70 1.50 1.00 -0.09 1.00-5.00 1.00-2.25 1.00-3.00 1.00-4.00 105 20 38 74 Fruit weight 1.46 0.72 -2.65** 0.66 1.79 -3.16** 0.56-5.86 0.21-157 0.32-1.63 0.79 103 24 39 73 Fruit length 15.5 13.95 -1.02 12.34 19.10 -3.29** 10.52-25.18 9.13-21.76 9.22-16.42 12.42-30.59 109 24 39 78 Seed length 8.36 7.90 -1.15 8.19 10.27 -2.07* 5.31-15.05 3.37-10.91 4.39-11.96 5.35-18.27 104 20 36 75 Lipid 2.77 6.73 2.65** 2.82 3.27 -0.80 1.73-5.17 3.74-21.27 1.87-5.07 1.85-6.01 84 12 35 49 Total nitrogen 0.86 0.83 -0.28 0.86 0.85 -0.68 0.65-1.17 0.57-1.07 0.60-1.12 0.63-1.26 88 12 35 52 Extractable 2.82 3.02 0.21 3.15 2.78 0.57 protein 1.59-4.26 1.62-4.01 1.64-4.65 1.68-4.18 88 12 35 52 Sugar 18.39 31.42 0.99 27.84 12.84 1.88 7.52-35.99 10.38-40.64 13.81-40.68 6.51-33.76 88 12 35 52 Tannin 0.19 0.22 0.70 0.16 0.21 -1.03 0-0.51 0.12-0.66 0.00-0.39 0.00-0.58 88 12 35 52 NDF 32.73 30.00 -1.37 31.22 34.36 -1.28 24.11-47.91 21.75-33.55 24.08-41.77 25.62-52.33 78 12 33 48 ADF 22.77 22.30 -0.77 21.71 24.95 -1.45 17.11-35.68 16.99-27.80 16.99-29.93 17.39-37.02 78 12 33 48 Water content 76.50 71.00 -0.86 75.86 74.04 0.69 70.00-83.25 65.00-79.00 71.00-82.50 63.04-80.75 76 15 31 52 Saccharose 3.60 6.54 -0.06 5.05 0.99 -2.33* 0.92-14.10 1.02-15.58 2.48-16.27 0.38-7.54 48 8 28 20 Glucose 1.77 2.15 -0.37 1.92 0.39 -2.60* 0.39-6.25 0.35-5.67 1.09-5.75 0.10-2.00 48 8 28 20 Fructose 1.75 1.90 -0.44 2.41 0.53 -2.58* 0.58-7.71 0.09-7.52 1.22-7.05 0.07-1.45 48 8 28 20 69
Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Parameters Microcebus rufus Pteropus rufus Food Non food Z Food Non food Z Seed number 2.00 1.00 0.26 3.00 1.00 3.39*** 1.00-3.00 1.00-3.00 1.00-30.50 1.00-2.00 37 75 39 86 Fruit weight 0.63 1.94 -3.16** 0.98 1.37 -0.91 0.30-1.64 0.82-6.43 0.43-3.82 0.54-5.85 38 74 38 89 Fruit length 12.28 19.69 -3.22** 13.59 16.56 -1.10 9.59-15.15 12.70-28.75 9.94-21.09 10.64-25.41 38 79 39 94 Seed length 7.46 11.83 -2.87** 6.31 10.30 -3.67*** 3.79-10.58 5.98-17.75 3.74-8.38 6.77-15.78 37 74 38 86 Lipid 3.12 2.69 -0.48 2.52 3.79 -2.07* 2.19-5.60 1.79-5.17 1.94-3.90 1.84-8.50 32 52 36 60 Total nitrogen 0.83 0.86 -0.74 0.79 0.87 -1.62 0.58-1.12 0.64-1.18 0.52-1.14 0.67-1.18 32 55 37 63 Extractable 2.90 2.86 -0.18 2.86 2.53 0.79 protein 1.72-4.18 1.65-4.58 2.18-3.96 1.55-4.39 32 55 37 63 Sugar 21.60 15.37 1.29 18.18 20.98 -0.36 10.66-41.88 6.59-33.5 8.12-37.23 7.76-37.53 32 55 37 63 Tannin 0.20 0.18 0.27 0.28 0.16 1.05 0.00-0.42 0.00-0.52 0.10-0.78 0.00-0.52 32 55 37 63 NDF 27.77 34.36 -1.99* 35.06 31.35 1.25 23.27-41.92 27.56-51.56 27.04-47.91 22.97-44.34 31 50 34 56 ADF 20.10 25.98 1.70 25.84 22.45 1.46 17.08-31.04 18.85-36.56 19.08-35.99 16.71-32.81 31 50 34 56 Water content 76.00 73.00 1.54 78.24 74.00 1.14 71.75-83.25 63.00-81.00 71.75-83.00 64.77-83.5 32 51 32 59 Saccharose 3.95 1.15 1.38 3.56 3.95 0.38 2.34-20.22 0.61-11.52 0.96-13.66 0.91-17.74 23 25 29 27 Glucose 1.91 0.50 1.60 1.70 1.91 0.07 1.07-5.68 0.17-3.50 0.45-5.66 0.36-5.86 23 25 29 27 Fructose 1.97 0.79 1.91 1.57 1.93 0.04 1.19-9.17 0.10-5.42 0.64-6.16 0.13-9.77 23 25 29 27 70
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 41 and 42: Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 the successful establishm
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 On a community level the
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
Page 63 and 64: Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
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Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
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Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
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Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
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Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
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Chapter 4 considering species numbe
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’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
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Chapter 5 environmental degradation
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Chapter 5 at a very low density in
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Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
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Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
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Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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