Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/dropping Max - 2 4 - - 7 - 2 - - 5 1 - - Min - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - 5 3 - - Median 100+ 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 9 1 Faecal samples (N) 25 44 10 1 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 J D N 'Feeding' months M J J A S Taxon F F F F O F F F A M F J F F F F OMOF F F F F F F F F F F F F F MF F F Ficus pyrifolia Syzygium sp.2 Canthium variistipula Tricalysia cf. cryptocalyx Tricalysia sp. Rothmannia mandenensis Tainbarika Ixora sp. Mapouria aegialodes Mapouria sp. Vepris elliotii Sideroxylon beguei var. saboureaui Sarcolaena multiflora Brexia sp. Number of individuals Table 3. The number of observations (N) per tree species with indication of the median, range, and average deviation (AD) of the number of individuals feeding in the tree. Visitation lengths (in min) are also shown. Visitation length N Pteropus rufus AD 0.19 3.38 - 1.44 - - - 1.31 Range 1-2 1-15 1 1-7 1 1 1 1-15 Median 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 AD 7.01 14.16 0.32 2.12 1.00 0.50 1.00 5.44 Range 1-15 1-48 1-2 1-15 1-3 1-2 1-3 1-48 Median 5.00 3.00 1.00 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 9 7 5 20 2 2 2 47 Dypsis prestoniana Terminalia fatraea Ravenala madagascariensis Syzygium sp. Uapaca ferruginea Uapaca littoralis Scolopia orientalis All species together 93
Chapter 3a Table 4. Comparison of morphological characteristics of fruits (with the corresponding sample size and frequency distribution) in the diet of P. rufus and the overall fruits available (n=152-175) Fruit parameters Total fruit availability Pteropus rufus' diet Statistics N % Growth form N % X² df P Larger trees 94 54 23 58 1.42 2 NS Small trees and shrubs 62 35 15 37 Others 19 11 Fruit type 2 5 Berry 83 50 25 63 4.64 3 NS Drupe 51 30 11 27 Capsule 21 13 1 2 Others 12 7 3 8 Colour of ripe fruits Yellow 22 13 5 13 6.00 6 NS Orange 10 6 4 10 Red, pink 29 17 9 23 Puple, blue 16 9 5 13 Brown 44 25 9 23 Green 39 22 8 20 Others 14 8 0 0 Odour Absent 59 35 16 39 3.30 2 NS Present 47 28 6 15 Strong 63 37 Pulp type 18 44 Juicy 124 72 35 88 12.56 3
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 On a community level the
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
Page 63 and 64: Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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