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References Hilton-Taylor C (2000) 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom Hladik CM, Charles-Dominique P, Petter JJ (1980) Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the West coast of Madagascar. In: Charles- Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Pages, E, Pariente GF, Petter- Rousseaux A, Schilling A, Peter JJ (eds) Nocturnal Malagasy Primates: ecology, physiology and behaviour. Academic Press, New York, pp 41–73 Hladik CM, Simmen B (1996) Taste perception and feeding behaviour in non-human primates and human populations. Evol Anthropol 5:58-71 Holl KD, Loik M, Lin EHV, Samuels IA (2000) Tropical montane forest restoration in Costa Rica: overcoming barriers to dispersal and establishment. Restor Ecol 8:339- 349 Horvitz CC, Pizo MA, Bello y Bello H, LeCorff J, Dirzo R (2002) Are plant species that need gaps for recruitment more attractive to seed-dispersing birds and ants than other species? In: Levey DJ, Silva RW, Galetti M (eds) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York, pp 145-160 Howe HF (1977) Bird activity and seed dispersal of a tropical wet forest tree. Ecology 58:539-550 Howe HF (1979) Fear and frugivory. Am Nat 114:925-931 Howe HF (1984) Constraints on the evolution of mutualism. Am Nat 125:853-865 Howe HF (1993) Aspects of variation in a neotropical seed dispersal system. Vegetatio 107/108:149-162 Howe HF, Estabrook GF (1977) On intraspecific competition for avian dispersers in tropical trees. Am Nat 111:817-832 Howe HF, Smallwood J (1982) Ecology of seed dispersal. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:201- 228 Hutcheon JM (1994) The great red island: a future for its bats? Bats 12:10–13 Humbert H (1936-1984) Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Imprimerie officielle Tananarive, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Paris, or Typographie Firmin- Didot-er C ie Iaconelli S, Simmen B (2002) Taste tresholds and supratreshold responses to tannin-rich plant extracts and quinine in a primate species (Microcebus murinus). J Chem Ecol 28:2315-2326 Ingle NR (2003) Seed dispersal by winds, birds, and bats between Philippine montane rainforest and successional vegetation. Oecologia 134: 251-261 Iudica CA, Bonaccorso FJ (1997) Feeding of the bat, Sturnira lilium, on fruits of Solanum riparium influences dispersal of this pioneer tree in forests of northwestern Argentina. Stud Neotrop Fauna E 32: 4–6 Izhaki I. 2002. The role of fruit traits in determining fruit removal in east mediterranean ecosystems. In: Levey DJ, Silva RW, Galetti M (eds) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York, pp 161-175 Izhaki I, Korine C, Arad C (1995) The effect of bat (Rousettus aegypticus) dispersal on seed germination in eastern Mediterranean habitats. Oecologia 101:335–342 Jacobs GH (1995) Variations in primate colour vision: mechanisms and utility. Evol Anthropol 3:196-205 Janson CH (1983) Adaptation of fruit morphology to dispersal agents in a Neotropical forest. Science 219:187-189 171
References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1999) Resource and primate community structure. In: Fleagle JG, Janson C, Reed KE (eds) Primate Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 237-267 Janson CH, Stiles EW, White DW (1986) Selection of plant fruiting traits by brown capuchin monkeys: a multivariate approach. In: Estrada A, Fleming TH (eds) Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Dr W Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 83-92 Janzen DH (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am Nat 104:501-528 Janzen DH (1980) When is it coevolution? Evolution 34:611-612 Janzen DH (1981) Ficus ovalis seed predation by an Orange-chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) in Costa Rica. Auk 98:841-844 Janzen DH (1983) Seed and pollen dispersal by animals: convergence in the ecology of contamination and sloppy harvest. Biol J Linn Soc 20:103-113 Janzen DH (1988) Tropical dry forests. The most endangered major tropical ecosystem. In: Wilson OE (ed) Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, pp 130-137 Johns AD, Skorupa JP (1987) Responses of rain-forest primates to habitat disturbance: a review. Int J Primatol 8:157-191 Johnson SE (2002) Ecology and speciation in brown lemurs: white-collared lemurs (Eulemur albocollaris) and hybrids (Eulemur albocollaris X Eulemur fulvus rufus) in South-eastern Madagascar. PhD Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin Jordano P (1983) Fig-seed predation and dispersal by birds. Biotropica 15:38-41 Jordano P (1992) Fruits and frugivory. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 105-156 Jordano P (1995) Angiosperm fleshy fruits and seed dispersers: a comparative analysis of adaptation and constraints in plant-animal interactions. Am Nat 145:163-191 Jordano P (2000) Fruits and frugivory. In Fenner M (ed) Seeds: The ecology and regeneration of plant communities. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 125-16 Julliot C (1996) Fruit choice by red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in a tropical rain forest. Am J Primatol 40:261-282 Julliot C (1997) Impact of seed dispersal by red howler monkeys Alouatta seniculus on the seeding population in the understorey of tropical rain forest. J Ecol 85:431-440 Kalko EKV, Herre EA, Handley COJ (1996) Relation of fruit characteristics to fruit-eating bats in the New and Old World tropics. J Biogeogr 23:565-576 Kannan R, James DA (1999) Fruiting phenology and the conservation of the great pied hornbill (Buceros bicornis) in Western Ghats of Southern India. Biotropica 31:167- 177 Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU (1994) The evolution of primate societies and communities in Madagascar. Evol Anthropol 2:159-171 Kerner A (1898) The natural history of plants, their form, growth, reproduction, and distribution. (English translation by FW Oliver) Holt, New York. Kitamura S, Yumoto T, Poonswad P, Chuailua P, Plongmai K, Maruhashi T, Noma N (2002) Interactions between fleshy fruits and frugivores in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand. Oecologia 133:559-572 Koechlin J, Guillaumet J-L, Morat P (1974) La forêt dense humide sempervirente de basse altitude et la forêt littorale. In: Koechlin J, Guillaumet J-L, Morat P (eds) Flore et végétation de Madagascar J Cramer, Vaduz, pp 105–165 172
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
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Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
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Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
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Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169 and 170: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 171 and 172: References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
Page 173 and 174: References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
Page 175: References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
Page 179 and 180: References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
Page 181 and 182: References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
Page 183 and 184: References Tattersall I (1982) The
Page 186: family Loganiaceae scientific name
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