Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Conservation latex, which are placed in Ficus or other fruiting trees by adolescent men. Tenrecs are hunted with the aid of dogs at dusk. Hunting occurs mainly for food purposes but occasionally the animals are traded regionally as well for pets and this in particular for Eulemur fulvus collaris and Coracopsis spp. (Bollen pers.obs.). Charcoal production is an important activity of the people living in the extreme southern Androy. At the moment, charcoal pits are regularly found in Mandena and Petriky but not yet in Sainte Luce. It is a very destructive practice. A strip of forest is cleared, branches are stapled in a hole in the ground, covered by vegetation and then burned for several days. Charcoal is used by numerous people as fuel and represents a major income for the Antandroy. It can be expected that in the near future these activities will move up north towards Sainte Luce as the forests of Mandena and Petriky get more depleted. Furthermore QMM represents another threat as mining activities will destroy a large part (76%) of the littoral forest (Lewis Environmental Consultants 1992a). In Sainte Luce, 74% of the remaining forest will vanish (QMM 2001). In November 2001, QMM got permission of the Malagasy government to start the mining. For the coming six year all infrastructure is being prepared to begin extraction of ilmenite in 2009 in Mandena. Petriky and Sainte Luce will be mined respectively 20 and 35 years later. Mining activities will last 45 up to 60 years (Vincelette pers. comm.). Populations of numerous plant species risk disappearing together with the fauna (Lewis Environmental Consultants 1992a). Anthropogenic pressure will then further intensify on the few remaining littoral forest fragments outside the QMM concession zone. As everywhere, population growth is associated with limited resources. Even though the local people are responsible for most of the degradation and fragmentation of the littoral forest at the moment, there is definitely also willingness from their part to protect the forest. The President of Sainte Luce in 2000-2001, Olaf Abel Isaia has done this by initiating a traditional dina. These are local agreements for protection of natural resources (LOI N°96-025, 1996). At the moment, QMM and delegates from the three villages are discussing on a new version of the dina for Sainte Luce, which will probably be finalised later this year (Vincelette pers. comm.). IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM AND SEED DISPERSERS Plant-frugivore interactions are important components of complex forest communities. Vertebrate seed dispersal is a key process in the dynamics of natural vegetation and vegetation recovery (Wallace and Painter 2002). Furthermore, frugivores play a vital role in the maintenance of biodiversity in tropical forests, where they constitute a large proportion of the vertebrate biomass (Fleming et al. 1987). In the same way zoochorous tree species make up the bulk of the tropical flora (Howe and Smallwood 1982). Loss of fruit-frugivore interactions may thus have profound consequences for conservation (Corlett 1998). Many animal species in Sainte Luce rely on fruit as an essential food resource and conversely provide valuable dispersal services to many of these fruit bearing plants (Bollen et al., Chapter 3)(Table 1). As forests become more fragmented the remaining patches become increasingly isolated and less accessible for arboreal lemur species. As a consequence gene flow and seed dispersal between patches becomes more critical for long term survival of many plant species. On the other hand, if fragments get too small or hunting increases, the long-term survival of animal species will not be guaranteed either 137
Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant species from Sainte Luce, Indicating if they are endemic (E), abundant (A), common (C) and typical littoral forest (LITT) plant species. The utility of these plant species is given as well; medicinal use (M), firewood (F), construction wood (C) or unknown use (X). 'Special' indicates plant species that are consumed by numerous frugivores (number is given), LS means that these are large-seeded plant species for which Eulemur fulvus collaris is the only seed disperser and 'key?' refers to a potential keystone species during periods of fruit scarcity. 'Food' species for the people are indicated as well, with indication of plant part eaten. Family Species Vernacular name Status 1 Utilitair 1 Special Food Anacardiaceae Poupartia chapelieri sisikandrongo A C 7 Protorhus cf. lecomtei kangy LS Annonaceae Monanthotaxis cf. malacophylla vahimbotany C Polyalthia madagascariensis fotsivavo 8 Polyalthia capuronii menapeka LS Apocynaceae Cabucala madagascariensis tandrokosy FRUIT Arecaceae Typhonodorum lindleyanum via ROOT Araliaceae Schefflera rainaliana voatsilana sp1 FM Polyscias sp. voatsilana sp2 7 Areceae Dypsis fibrosa boakandambo LITT LS Dypsis nodifera raotry LITT Dypsis prestoniana boakabe LITT 9-key? Dypsis saintelucei telopolombilany LITT RARE Dypsis scottiana raosy LITT 6 Bignoniaceae Ophiocolea delphinensis akondronala EC X FRUIT Phyllarthron ilicifolium zahambe E C Phyllarthron sp. zahambe manongaroa E C Burseraceae Canarium boivinii ramy MC LS Canellaceae Cinnamosma madagascariensis vahabatra 3eM LS-RARE Capparaceae Crataeva obovata belataka C LS Clusiaceae Psorospermum revolutum harongampanihy MF FRUIT Calophyllum sp. vitano C Garcina chapelieri haziny tomate LS Garcinia cf/aff. madagascariensis disaky kely LS Combretaceae Terminalia fatraea katrafa C Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum sp. vahihazo LS Ebenaceae Diospyros sp.1 hazomainty blanc F LS Diospyros sp.2 hazomainy LITT F LS Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus alnifolius* sanga LS Ericaceae Vaccinium emirnense tsilantria CF 9 FRUIT Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum buxifolium fangora sp.1 F Erythroxylum nitidilum fangora sp.2 F Euphorbiaceae Uapaca ferruginea voapaky lahy CF 6 Uapaca littoralis voapaky vavy CF 9 Uapaca thouarsii voapaky lahy ZJ LITT CF Fabaceae Cynometra cf. cloiselii mampay A C Phylloxylon xylophylloides sotro E C Intsia bijuga harandrato C Flacourtiaceae Aphloia theiformis fandramana C Bembicia uniflora bemalemy A CF Homalium louvelianum ramirisa CF Scolopia orientalis zoramena C F 7 Grossulariaceae Brexia sp. kambatrikambatri C Hippocrateaceae Salacia madagascariensis voatsimatra C LS FRUIT 138
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169 and 170: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 171 and 172: References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
Page 173 and 174: References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
Page 175 and 176: References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
Page 177 and 178: References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
Page 179 and 180: References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
Page 181 and 182: References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
Page 183 and 184: References Tattersall I (1982) The
Page 186: family Loganiaceae scientific name
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