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References Oliviera P, Marrero P, Nogales M (2002) Diet of the endemic Madeira Laurel Pigeon and fruit resource availability: a study using microhistological analyses. Condor 104:811-822. Overdorff D (1988) Preliminary report on the activity cycle and diet of the red-bellied lemur (Lemur rubriventer) in Madagascar. Am J Primatol 16:143-153 Overdorff DJ (1992) Differential patterns in flower feeding by Eulemur fulvus rufus and Eulemur rubriventer in Madagascar. Am J Primatol 28:191-203 Overdorff DJ (1993a). Similarities, differences and seasonal patterns in the diet of Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in the Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 14:721-753 Overdorff DJ (1993b) Ecological and reproductive correlates to range use in red-bellied lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer) and rufous lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus). In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU (eds) Lemur Social Systems and their ecological basis Plenum Press, New York, pp 167-178 Overdorff DJ (1996) Ecological correlates to activity and habitat use of two prosimian primates: Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in Madagascar. Am J Primatol 40:327-342 Overdorff DJ, Strait SG (1998) Seed handling by three prosimian primates in Southeastern Madagascar: implications for seed dispersal. Am J Primatol 45:69-82 Overdorff DJ and Strait SG (1998) Seed handling by three prosimian primates in southeastern Madagascar: Implications for seed dispersal. Am J Primatol 45:69-82 Palmeirim JM, Gorchov DL, Stoleson S (1989) Trophic structure of a neotropical frugivore community: is there competition between birds and bats? Oecologia 79:403–411 Parry-Jones K, Augee ML (1991) Food selection by grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) occupying a summer colony site near Gosford, New South Wales. Wildlife Res 18:111–124 Pastorini J, Forstner MR, Martin RD (2000) Relationships among brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 16:418-429 Petter JJ, Albignac R, Rumpler Y (1977) Faune de Madagascar: Mammifères Lémuriens. Volume 44. ORSTOM CNRS, Paris Phillipson PB (1996) Endemism and non-endemism in the flora of south-west Madagascar. In: Lourenco WR (ed) Biogeography of Madagascar. ORSTOM, Paris, pp 125-136 Pizo MA (2002) The seed dispersers and fruit syndromes of Myrtaceae in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In: Levey DJ, Silva RW, Galetti M (eds) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York, pp 129-143 Pizo MA, Simao I, Galetti M (1995) Diet and flock size of sympatric parrots in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Ornitologia neotropical 6:87-95 Porter LJ, Hemingway RW (1990) Significance of condensed tannins. In: Rowe JW (ed) Natural products of woody plants. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 988-1027 Poulsen JR, Clark CJ, Connor EF, Smith TB (2002) Differential resource use by primates and hornbills: implications for seed dispersal. Ecology 83:228-240 Preston K (1991) Madagascar: a natural history. Curtis Garratt limited, Oxford QIT Madagascar Minerals SA (2001) Projet Ilménite: Etude d’impact social et environmental. QMM, Antananarivo 175
References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP, Randrianjafy H, Razafindrianilana N (1996) Rapport sur le projet “Assesment of Plant Diversity and Conservation Importance of East Coast Low Elevation Malagasy Rain Forests”. Centre National de la recherché appliquée au développement rural CENRADERU-FOFIFA, Missouri Botanical Garden Racey PA, Nicoll ME (1984) Mammals. In: Stoddart DR (ed) Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Junk Press, Leiden, pp 607-627 Raherilalao MJ (2001) Effets de la fragmentation de la forêt sur les oiseaux autour du parc national de Ranomafana (Madagascar). Terre Vie-Rev Ecol 56:389-406 Rakotonirina (1996) Composition and structure of the dry deciduous forest on sandy soils. Primate Report, 46-1, Göttingen, pp 81-87 Ralisomalala RC (1996) Role de Eulemur fulvus rufus (Audeberg, 1799) et de Propithecus verreauxi (A Grandier 1867) dans la dissemination de graines. Primate Report, 46-1, Göttingen, pp 285-293 Ramanamanjato J-B (2000) Fragmentation effects on reptile and amphibian biodiversity in the littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. In: Rheinwald G (ed) Isolated vertebrate communities in the tropics. Bonner zoologische Monographien Edition. Volume 46. Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, pp 297–308 Ramanamanjato J-B, Ganzhorn JU (2001) Effects of forest fragmentation, introduced Rattus rattus and the role of exotic tree plantations and secondary vegetation for the conservation of an endemic rodent and a small lemur in littoral forests of southeastern Madagascar. Animal Conservation 4:175-183 Randriamanalina MH, Rafararano L, Babary L, Laha R (2000) Rapport des enguêtees sur le chasses dans les fokotany d’Ivondro, d’Erara et d’Etsilesy. Lemur news 5:11-14 Rasmussen MA (1999) Ecological influences in two cathemeral primates, the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz) and the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). PhD Dissertation, Duke University, North Carolina Ratsirarson J, Silander JA (1997) Factors affecting the distribution of a threatened Madagascar palm species Dypsis decaryi. Principes 41:100-111 Razafimizanilala AAM (1996) Introduction à l’étude écologique des forêts sublittorales de Sainte-Luce (Tolagnaro). Mémoire de diplôme d’études approfondies en sciences biologiques appliquées. Option ‘Ecologie végétale’. Université d’Antananarivo Renton K (2001) Lilac-crowned parrot diet and food resource availability: resource tracking by a parrot seed predator. Condor 103:62-69 Rice WR (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223-225 Richard AF (1977) The feeding behaviour of Propithecus verreauxi. In: Clutton-Brock TH (ed) Primate ecology. Academic Press, London, pp 72-96 Richard AF, Dewar RE (1991) Lemur ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 22:145-175 Ridley HN (1930) The dispersal of plants throughout the world. Reeve, Ashford, Kent Rigamonti MM (1993) Home range and diet in red ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra) on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU (eds) Lemur Social Systems and their ecological basis, Plenum Press, New York, pp 25- 39 Saini MS, Dhindsa MS, Toor TS (1994) Food of the rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri: a quantitative study. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91:96- 103 176
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
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Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
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Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
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Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
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Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
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Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169 and 170: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 171 and 172: References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
Page 173 and 174: References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
Page 175 and 176: References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
Page 177 and 178: References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
Page 179: References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
Page 183 and 184: References Tattersall I (1982) The
Page 186: family Loganiaceae scientific name
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