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References Charles-Dominique P, Atramentowicz M, Charles-Dominique M, Gerard H, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Prevost MF (1981) Les mammifères frugivores arboricoles nocturnes d’une forêt guyanaise: interrelations plantes-animaux. Terre Vie-Rev Ecol A 35:341-435 Cheke AS, Dahl JF (1981) The status of bats on western Indian Ocean islands, with special reference to Pteropus. Mammalia 45:205–238 Clout MN (1989) Foraging behaviour of glossy black cockatoos. Aust Wildlife Res 16:467- 473 Connell JH (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and rain forest trees. In: den Boer PJ, Gradwell PR (eds) Dynamics of populations. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, pp 289-312 Corlett RT (1996) Characteristics of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in Hong Kong. J Trop Ecol 12:819-833 Corlett RT (1998) Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region. Biol Rev 73:413–448 Corlett RT (2002) Frugivores and seed dispersal in degraded tropical east asian landscapes. In: Levey DJ, Silva RW, Galetti M (eds) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York, pp 451-465 Curtis DJ (1997) The Mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz) a study in behavior and ecology. PhD Dissertation, University Zurich, Germany. Curtis DJ, Zaramody A (1998) Group size, home range use, and seasonal variation in the ecology of Eulemur mongoz. Int J Primatol 19:811-835 Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London Debussche M (1988) La diversité morphologique des fruits charnus en Languedoc méditerranéen: relations avec les caractéristiques biologiques et la distribution des plantes et avec les disséminateurs. Acta Oecol 9:37-52 Debussche M, Isenmann P (1989) Fleshy fruit characters and the choices of bird and mammal seed dispersers in a Mediterranean region. Oikos 56:327-338 Debussche M, Isenmann P (1992) A Mediterranean bird disperser assemblage composition and phenology in relation to fruit availability. Terre Vie-Rev Ecol A 47:411-432 Dew JL, Wright P (1998) Frugivory and seed dispersal by four species of primates in Madagascar’s eastern rain forest. Biotropica 30:425-437 Djletati R, Brun B, Rumpler Y (1997) Meiotic study of hybrids in the genus Eulemur and taxonomic considerations. Am J Primatol 42:235-245 Dominy N, Lucas P (2002) The sensual side of primate food choice. Am J Phys Anthropol 34:64 Donati G (2002) L’attivita’ e le sue correlate ecologiche nel lemure bruno dal collare, Eulemur fulvus collaris (Lemuridae), nella foresta litorale di Ste Luce (Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar). PhD Dissertation, University of Pisa, Italy Donati G, Lunardini A, Kappeler PM (1999) Cathemeral activity of red-fronted brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus rufus) in the Kirindy Forest/CFPF. In: Rakotosamimana B, Rakotosamimana H, Ganzhorn JU, Goodman SM (eds) New Directions in Lemur Studies. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 119-137 Dowsett-Lemaire F (1988) Fruit choice and seed dissemination by birds and mammals in the evergreen forest of upland Malawi. Terre Vie-Rev Ecol A 43:251-285 167
References Dowsett JR (2000) Le statut de perroquets vasa et noir C. vasa et C nigra et de l'inséparable a tête grise Agapornis canus à Madagascar. IUCN, Cambridge Dumetz N (1999) High plant diversity of lowland rainforest vestiges in eastern Madagascar. Biodivers Conserv 8:273-315 Du Puy B (1996) Faunal interactions with the genus Adansonia in the Kirindy Forest. In: Ganzhorn JU, Sorg JP (eds) Ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest in Madagascar. Primate Report, 46-1, Göttingen, pp 329-334 Erikkson O, Ehrlen J (1998) Phenological adaptations in fleshy vertebrate-dispersed fruits of temperate plants. Oikos 82:617-621 Felber HR (1984) Influence des principales propriétés physico-chimiques des sols et de la structure des peuplements sur le succès de la régénération naturelle d’essences représentatives sur des layons de débardage dans une forêt sèche de la côte occidentale de Madagascar. Master thesis, Fachbereich Waldbau, ETH Zurich Ferraro PJ (2001) The local costs of establishing protected areas in low income nations: Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Environmental policy working paper n° 2001-006. Georgia State University Fietz J, Ganzhorn JU (1999) Feeding ecology of the hibernating primate Cheirogaleus medius: how does it get so fat? Oecologia 121:157-164 Fietz J (1999) Demography and floating males in a population of Cheirogaleus medius. In: Rakotosamimanana B, Rasamimanana H, Ganzhorn JU, Goodman SM (eds) New Directions in Lemur Studies. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 159-172 Fischer KE, Chapman CA (1993) Frugivores and fruit syndromes: differences in patterns at the genus and species level. Oikos 66:472-482 Fleming TH (1979) Do tropical frugivores compete for food? Am Zool 19:1157–1172 Fleming TH (1987) Fruit bats: prime movers of tropical seeds. Bats 5:3–8 Fleming TH (1992) How do fruit- and nectar-feeding birds and mammals track their food resources. In: Hunter MD, Takayuki O, Price PW (eds) Effects of resource distribution on animal-plant interactions. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 355-391 Fleming TH, Breitwitsch R, Whitesides,GH (1987) Patterns of tropical frugivore diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 18:91-109 Fleming TH, Heithaus ER, Sawyer WB (1977) An experimental analysis of the food location behavior of frugivorous bats. Ecology 58:619–627 Frankie GW (1975) Tropical forest phenology and pollinator plant coevolution. In: Gilbert LE, Raven PH (eds) Coevolution of animals and plants. University of Texas, Austin, pp 192-207 Freed BZ (1996) Co-occurrence among crowned lemurs (Lemur coronatus) and Sanford’s lemurs (Lemur fulvus sanfordi) of Madgascar. PhD Dissertation. Washington University, St. Louis Fujita MS, Tuttle MD (1991) Flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): Threatened animals of key ecological and economic importance. Conserv Biol 5:455–463 Galetti M (1993) Diet of the scaly-headed parrot (Pionus maximiliani) in a semideciduous forest in southeastern Brazil. Biotropica 25:419-425 Galetti M, Pizo MA (1996) Fruit eating birds in a forest fragment in southeastern Brazil. Ararajuba 4:71-79 Galetti M (2000) Frugivory by toucans (Rhampastidae) at two altitudes in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. Biotropica 32:842-850 168
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
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Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169 and 170: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 171: References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
Page 175 and 176: References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
Page 177 and 178: References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
Page 179 and 180: References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
Page 181 and 182: References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
Page 183 and 184: References Tattersall I (1982) The
Page 186: family Loganiaceae scientific name
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