Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements Many people have provided me with assistance, guidance and support during the time it has taken me to complete this PhD for which I am very grateful: First of all I want to thank my supervisor, Linda Van Elsacker, who has supported me from the beginning of this PhD, never losing faith. Thanks for letting me introduce not only lemurs but also bats, birds and rats within this primatological group and for always being ready to read my manuscripts over and over again, to exchange ideas and to motivate me to present research to the larger public. Sincere thanks as well to Rudi Verheyen who was ready to act as my co-promoter and who has encouraged me throughout the PhD. It was Jörg Ganzhorn who got me to Madagascar in the first place. He helped me greatly during field research, in the analyses and written part of this PhD. Many of the interpretations presented here were developed in discussion with him. His impressive list of publications and unique expertise in tropical ecology have been an ideal guide for me during these four years. Jörg, thank you very much for the appreciated help and all the time you put into this work while not really having any spare time. I would also like to express my gratitude to all my CRC colleagues on whom I could count for correcting ‘rough’ drafts and providing useful suggestions. In particular I would like to thank Catherine Roden, Jeroen Stevens, Adinda Sannen, Rebekka Deleu, Isra Deblauwe, Hilde Vervaecke and Kristin Leus. My special thanks to Adinda who helped me greatly in the final phase, guiding me through all the official procedures and lay-out options. Many thanks as well to Vera Cuypers and Paule Stevens who made all the administrative paperwork a lot easier. Language-wise I was very lucky to get help from Eric Arnhem who was ready to correct the French summary of this PhD. As for English, it was wonderful to work together with Don and Val Sibley who closely scanned my drafts for awkward phrases, grammatical errors and other mistakes. Previous versions of the chapters benefited greatly from the comments of Steve Goodman and Paul Adrian Racey, for which many thanks. I am very grateful to Irene Tomaschewski from the Department of Conservation and Ecology (University of Hamburg) for carrying out biochemical analyses on the fruits. Thanks to the statistical advice of Dries Bonte and Stefaan Van Dongen SAS became a little less incomprehensible to me. They put me back on the right track when I was lost in the complex world of statistical tests and models. My sincere thanks for your help! I would further like to thank the members of the jury who have taken time to read through this PhD, I am looking forward to your comments. In this respect I am very grateful for the useful suggestions and constructive criticism of Prof Luc Lens on the first version of this PhD. Obviously this PhD would never have been possible in the first place without the funding of the FWO (Funds for Scientific Research, Flanders), for which many thanks. I further thank the Centre for Research and Conservation (Antwerp Zoo) and the Department of Biology (University of Antwerp) as well as DOCOP (University of Antwerp) for additional funding. 1
Acknowledgements A special word of thanks to the whole team of QMM in Fort-Dauphin for welcoming me at their study site and for helping me out with transport, radio-contact and food. Thanks to Rufen for the ‘architectural’ innovations at the campsite, which greatly improved our living standards. Laurent Randrihasipara and Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato, thanks for putting up with ‘la belge exigeante’ and Manon Vincelette, thank you for always taking time to answer my numerous questions. Having a degree in Zoology, it was great to be surrounded by excellent botanists familiar with the Malagasy flora. Petra De Block was the first to introduce me to the existing literature on taxonomy of Malagasy plants. Johny Rabenantoandro and Faly Mbolatiana from the Missouri Botanical Garden managed to replace most ‘vernacular’ names into scientific ones, which is not at all simple! Thanks for your patience in trying to guide me through the herbaria at Tana. Prof. Berthe Rakotosamimanana (Dept. Anthropologie) and Prof Daniel Rakotondravony (Dept Biologie Animale) of the University of Antananarivo helped me to obtain research permits and saved me from weeks of administrative hassle, for which my sincere thanks. I further acknowledge ANGAP, the Ministère des Eaux et Forêts and the Commission Tripartite of the Malagasy government for their collaboration and permission to work in Madagascar. The great help of my field assistants was essential in my field research. Thanks to them I managed to recognize many different tree species and find my way in the forest. In particular I would like to acknowledge Sambo Givet and ‘Ramanga’ (Honoré Aly) with whom I spend many hours in the forest. It was an enriching experience and unforgettable cooperation in ‘équipe fruit’. I am very grateful as well to Josette, our cook, for spoiling us daily with fresh sisika 1 and rano apango 2 and to Kadoffe for his work in phenology and his companionship. Ramisi Edmond, our local plant specialist, helped me tremendously in identifying and recognizing plant species. Many other Antanosy helped me in the field (Julson, Bruno, Claude, Rivo, …). Misaotra! 3 I would further like to express my appreciation for the assistance and goodwill of the people of Ambandrika, Ampanosatomboky et Manafiafy. They always welcomed me and I have great respect for the Présidents des villages (Olaf Abel Isaia, Leonnaise, Sambo Pierre, Milson) who were always ready to discuss about conservation issues. During my field research numerous Malagasy and foreign students joined me at the campsite for shorter or longer periods. They contributed a lot to a great and stimulating working environment. Thanks for sharing all those wonderful moments Jack, Tolona, Andreas, Nicoletta, Valentina, Rick, Petra, Kaï, Odon and Jose. Closer to home I would like to acknowledge my friends and family who supported me throughout this PhD in different ways, for which my sincere thanks. The risk of forgetting someone is too big, which is why I have not tried to list everyone here but I am sure they know I deeply appreciate their support! My parents have been a great support to me for as long as I can remember. They always have been very open-minded and accepted my wish to get out into the world and explore far away places. Thanks for being there for me unconditionally and for encouraging me to follow my ‘idealistic’ dreams. My brother always supports me too and I am happy to see how close we still are even though both of us spend a lot of time at different places on the globe. 2
Page 1 and 2: Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Page 5: Table of contents III. General conc
Page 10: PREFACE Preface This work brings to
Page 13 and 14: General introduction Finally, seed
Page 15 and 16: General introduction high as 98% fo
Page 19 and 20: ’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Page 39 and 40: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 41 and 42: Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 the successful establishm
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
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Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
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Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
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Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
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Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
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Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
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Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
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Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
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Chapter 4 considering species numbe
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’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
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Chapter 5 environmental degradation
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Chapter 5 at a very low density in
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Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
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Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
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Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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