Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Intersite comparison characteristics were analysed with two-way analyses of variance. Data were arcsine transformed for these analyses. Statistical analyses were run according to Siegel (1956) with the help of SAS and SPSS software. RESULTS Climate and phenology Figure 2 shows phenology and annual precipitation for both study sites. Annual rainfall was 2,480mm in STL and 721mm in KIR during the study period. The phenological patterns considered in this study differ slightly from the overall pattern at both sites as published previously (Sorg and Rohner 1996; Donati 2002) because only a subset of the complete phenological dataset was used for comparison. In KIR ripe fruits are available year round with a minimum in April. ‘Fleshy’ and ‘nonfleshy’ fruit species are equally (50%) represented in KIR (Fig. 2). During the dry season (May through October) non-fleshy fruits predominate. As indicated before, in STL there are no clearly defined wet or dry seasons. Fruit abundance here is highest from January through March, rather limited from April through October with a lean period from June to August. The majority (81%) of fruit species in STL are characterised as ‘fleshy’. In contrast to KIR, the representation of the ‘non-fleshy’ fruits remains low but fairly constant (4-7%) in STL throughout the year. Soil conditions In the upper layer (A horizon) soils are more acid and contain higher concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphor in STL than in KIR (Table 3). Exchange capacity has not been measured for STL. The situation at STL is similar to the data available for Ranomafana, an evergreen rainforest site at higher altitude (Ganzhorn et al. 1999b). There, growth rate of trees is higher than at Kirindy, probably due to the longer growth season. However, the probability of fruiting is reduced, indicating that fruit production is associated with higher stress for the trees of the evergreen forest. It is unclear how these different constraints affect the type of fruits produced. Floristics Both datasets have 30 families (40%) and 19 genera (10%) in common but no tree species (Table 2). In STL the four most important plant families were Rubiaceae (23 species), Euphorbiaceae (8), Flacourtiaceae (6), and Myrtaceae (6). They accounted for 25% of all species. In KIR Fabaceae (16), Euphorbiaceae (14), Tiliaceae (9), Rubiaceae (8), and Combretaceae (6) were the five most important plant families. They accounted for 31% of the species. The representation of these top eight families is not correlated between the two datasets (rs=0.18; P=0.7, N=8). The representation of large and small trees, shrubs and other growth forms in the samples did not differ between sites (Table 4). 117
Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit availability and rainfall in Sainte Luce and Kirindy. Fleshy fruits are fruits characterised as juicy soft, juicy fibrous or arillate, non-fleshy fruits are dry fibrous or do not have any pulp. 118 % of sp with ripe fruits % of sp with ripe fruits 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Phenology (N=54) rainfall (2480mm) Sainte Luce J F M A M J J A S O N D Months Phenology (N=38) rainfall (721mm) Kirindy J F M A M J J A S O N D Months non fleshy fruits fleshy fruits rainfall 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm)
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169 and 170: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 171 and 172: References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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