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n species with ripe fruits 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 O Tt Ec Bm To X Ps Lm Vf D Pc Sm Ad Tf Dp Tree dispersal strategies Fig. 2. Number of tree species bearing ripe fruits in 2000. The height of the fruiting peak of the tree species involved in tree watches is indicated as well. X includes the following seven species: So, La, S1, Cb, Mp, Ve, Se according the abbreviations in Appendix I. DISCUSSION In the present study we investigated three hypotheses for evidence of co-evolution between life history traits of plants, their diaspores and animal consumers. These were tight, species-specific interactions, different investment patterns of plants in their fruits in relation to the specialization of dispersers and dispersal syndromes as adaptations to taxonomically diverse groups of dispersers with different sensory capabilities (colour vision in birds, olfaction in mammals). There was no evidence for tight co-evolution between specific tree and consumer species. This is consistent with findings of most studies (Howe and Smallwood 1982; Howe 1984; Gautier-Hion et al. 1985; Herrera 1986; Fisher and Chapman 1993; Chapman 1995; Erikkson and Ehrlen 1998; Lambert and Garber 1998). Most plant species do not depend on one single disperser species. The only possible indication of co-evolution in our study are the five tree species for which Eulemur fulvus collaris is the only seed disperser. However, this lemur species is a very opportunistic feeder. A comparative study between the dry deciduous forest of Kirindy and the littoral forest of Sainte Luce (Bollen et al. in press, Chapter 4) confirms the absence of co-evolutionary plant-animal interactions here and shows that this lemur species has a rather high dietary flexibility. However, even though the dietary breath of E. f. collaris is quite large, this species is a sequential specialist and as such selects two or three dominant fruit species each month (Donati 2002). Canarium boivinii and Eugenia sp. make up important S2 Dec 99 Feb 00 Apr 00 Jun 00 Aug 00 Oct 00 Dec 00 Jan 00 Mar 00 May 00 Jul 00 Sep 00 Nov 00 Cm P E Uf Ul 49
Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot of the 29 tree species on the first two axes of a prinicipal component analyses of (a) morphological traits and (b) biochemical traits. The asterisks stand for dispersal by E. f. collaris only, the diamonds for mammal species, the open circles for bird species and the open squares for mixed species. 50 - fruit shape number of seeds fat ADF 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 fruit length fruit weight seed length -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 - sugar crude protein
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
Page 3 and 4: Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents III. General conc
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements A special word of
Page 10: PREFACE Preface This work brings to
Page 13 and 14: General introduction Finally, seed
Page 15 and 16: General introduction high as 98% fo
Page 19 and 20: ’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 41 and 42: Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 the successful establishm
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 On a community level the
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
Page 63 and 64: Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
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Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
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Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
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Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
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Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
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Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
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Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
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Chapter 4 considering species numbe
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’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
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Chapter 5 environmental degradation
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Chapter 5 at a very low density in
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Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
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Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
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Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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