Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Intersite comparison Table 4 Continued Total Cheirogaleus Eulemur database diet diet STL KIR STL KIR STL KIR Number of seeds (N) 172 151 36 35 107 44 1-2 97 72 22 16 62 17 3-10 43 58 9 15 26 19 11-50 12 9 5 4 50+ 20 12 14 4 10+ 5 4 Unknown 1 20 0 1 0 2 X² 7.02; df=3 2.54; df=2 7.39; df=3 Fruit weight (N) 161 146 35 33 100 39 10g 15 10 11 3 >1g 12 18 Unknown 12 25 1 3 7 7 X² 2.38; df=2 2.83; df=1 1.78; df=2 Fruit length (N) 167 159 36 36 105 45 30mm 29 29 2 4 20 7 Unknown 6 12 0 0 2 1 X² 3.63; df=2 2.19; df=2 0.27; df=2 Seed length (N) 160 148 33 35 101 43 20mm 18 8 11 3 >10mm 11 11 Unknown 13 23 3 1 6 3 X² 4.52; df=2 0.03; df=1 1.10; df=2 Fruit protection (N) 173 151 36 35 104 45 Dehiscent 26 39 0 3 10 5 Indehiscent thin husk 130 80 83 26 Indehiscent thick husk 17 32 11 14 Indehiscent 36 30 Unknown 0 20 0 1 3 1 X² 17.68***; df=2 9.27**; df=1 10.05**; df=2 Seed protection (N) 158 147 35 34 101 45 None 82 79 14 18 41 24 Lignified kernel/seed 76 68 21 16 60 21 Unknown 15 24 1 2 6 1 X² 0.10; df=1 1.16; df=1 2.05; df=1 Dispersal mode (N) 163 150 35 35 103 45 Zoochorous 130 104 34 33 93 41 Non-zoochorous 33 46 1 2 10 4 Unknown 10 20 1 1 4 1 X² 4.50*; df=1 1.16; df=1 2.05; df=1 123
Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical characteristics of ripe fruits at Sainte Luce and Kirindy. NDF: neutral detergent fiber, ADF: acid detergent fiber; Nitrogen: total nitrogen; Tannin: procyanidin tannin. Z-values are based on Mann-Whitney-U tests; * P
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169 and 170: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 171 and 172: References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
Page 173 and 174: References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
Page 175 and 176: References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
Page 177 and 178: References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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