Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Tree dispersal strategies annual rainfall is 2,690mm. Mean monthly temperature is about 23°C and ranges from 12°C to 33°C. For a more detailed description of the study site we refer to Bollen et al. (in press, Chapter 4). At Sainte Luce, the trophical guild of frugivores consists of 13 strictly or partially frugivorous vertebrate species (Table 1). Focal tree species For this study 34 tree species, which are thought to be important food sources for certain animal species were chosen (App. I). Fruit traps were installed under 29 tree species and tree watches were carried out for 27 tree species. Herbarium specimens of all taxa were collected. Vernacular ‘antanosy’ names were provided by local research assistants. Scientific names were obtained after determination of voucher specimens at the national herbaria of Antananarivo with the help of botanists from Missouri Botanical Garden (App. I). Voucher specimens were deposited at the Missouri Botanical Garden of Antananarivo (Madagascar). Fruit traps In order to estimate relative fruit production and consumption, fruit traps were placed on the ground under the tree in the zone of fruit fall (following Goodman et al. 1997a). In total 29 tree species were studied, fruit traps being placed under one individual per tree species. Each fruit trap was 1m² in size and was made out of black plastic sheeting. Fruit traps were blocked at the sides with upturned edges to avoid loss of the content due to rain washing. The number of fruit traps per individual tree depended on the crown size, on average being one trap per 3.2m² (±1.6 SD) of the crown area. Total fruit crop size was obtained by extrapolating the data from the area sampled by the traps to the total crown area. Fruit traps were inspected and emptied every other morning between 06h00- 10h00 throughout the fruiting period. Ideally, fruit traps were installed before fruit ripening had started and were removed at the end of the fruit production. For five tree species, fruit traps were installed shortly after the onset of fruiting, due to a delay in noticing that a species was fruiting (Table 2). Analyses of the contents of each fruit trap involved counting and checking the condition of fruits and seeds, which were coded using the following categories; Neutral effect: intact fruits (unripe, ripe or rotten) pulp partially eaten, intact seeds pulp completely consumed, intact seeds Dispersal: empty fruit husks, pulp eaten and seeds swallowed Predation: partially eaten seeds or empty seed husks with gnaw marks Percentages of all categories were calculated per tree species. Additionally, defecated seeds from the focal tree or other tree species present in the fruit traps were scored as well. Several animals leave distinctive feeding marks on the discarded fruit and seed remains. Therefore it was often possible to determine the consumer species or at least the larger taxonomic group. Tree watches Observations on feeding assemblages of frugivores were carried out during the peak fruiting period of 27 tree species. These so-called ‘tree watches’ (Chapman and Chapman 1996; Scharfe and Schlund 1996; Goodman et al. 1997a; Böhning-Gaese et al. 1999) consisted of intermittent 36h observations (two cycles 06h00-00h00) of one 39
Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore guild at Sainte Luce with indication of their diet (F: frugivorous, G: granivorous, O: omnivorous), their activity budget (D: diurnal, N: nocturnal, C: cathemeral), feeding height (A: arboreal, T: terrestrial), body mass (in g) and length (in cm) Role 3 Body 1,2 Length Body 1 mass Feeding height Active and their potential role as seed dispersers (D) or seed predators (P) in this ecosystem. Family Scientific name English name Diet D D P D P P 32 28 28 24 35 50 215 ND 190 45 218 ND A A T A A A D D D D D D F F G F G G Malagasy Green Pigeon Malagasy Blue Pigeon Madagascar Turtle Dove Madagascar Bulbul Lesser Vasa Parrot Greater Vasa Parrot Treron australis Alectroenas madagascariensis Streptopelia picturata Hypsipetes madagascariensis Coracopsis nigra Coracopsis vasa AVES Columbidae Pycnonotidae Psittacidae P P 15-23 10-16 100 88 AT AT N N O O Black Rat Webb's Tuft-Tailed Rat Rattus rattus Eliurus webbi MAMMALIA RODENTIA Muridae Nesomyinae D 23-27 500-750 A N F Madagascar Flying Fox Pteropus rufus CHIROPTERA Megachiroptera Pteropodidae D D D D 40-47 12.5 25 20 PRIMATES Lemuridae Eulemur fulvus collaris Collared Brown Lemur F C A 2000-2300 Cheirogaleidae Microcebus rufus Brown Mouse Lemur O N A 42 Cheirogaleus major Greater Dwarf Lemur O N A 443 Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur O N A 119-282 1 Data from Langrand (1990), Fietz and Ganzhorn (1999), Garbutt (1999), Ganzhorn et al. (1999a), Donati (2002). 2 Body length (BL) is total length for birds and bats but head/body length for lemurs and rodents. 3 Data from Goodman et al. (1997b); Ganzhorn et al. (1999a); Bollen and Van Elsacker (2002a); Donati (2002); Bollen (unpubl. data).
Page 1 and 2: Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
Page 3 and 4: Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents III. General conc
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements A special word of
Page 10: PREFACE Preface This work brings to
Page 13 and 14: General introduction Finally, seed
Page 15 and 16: General introduction high as 98% fo
Page 19 and 20: ’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 41 and 42: Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
Page 43: Chapter 2 the successful establishm
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 On a community level the
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
Page 63 and 64: Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 92 and 93: Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
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Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
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Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
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Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
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Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
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Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
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Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
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Chapter 4 considering species numbe
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’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
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Chapter 5 environmental degradation
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Chapter 5 at a very low density in
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Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
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Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
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Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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