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References Sakai S, Momose K, Yumoto T, Nagamitsu T, Nagamasu H, Hamid AA, Nakashizuka T (1999) Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia. Am J Bot 86:1414-1436 Schatz GE (2001) Generic Tree Flora of Madagascar. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden Press Scharfe F, Schlund W (1996) Seed removal by lemurs in a dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar. Primate Report, 46-1, Göttingen, pp 295-304 Schatz GE (2001) Generic tree flora of Madagascar. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden Press Schilling A (1979) Olfactory communication in prosimians. In: Doyle GA, Martin RD (eds) The study of prosimian behavior. Academic Press, New York, pp 461-542 Schmid J (2000) Daily torpor in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) in Madagascar: energetic consequences and biological significance. Oecologia 123:175-183 Shilton LA, Altringham JD, Compton SG, Whittaker RJ (1999) Old World fruit bats can be long-distance seed dispersers through extended retention of viable seed in the gut. Proc Roy Soc Lond B Bio 266:219–223 Siegel S (1956) Non parametric statistics for the behavioural sciences. Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. New York Silva WR, De Marco P, Hasui E, Gomes VSM (2002) Patterns of fruit-frugivore interactions in two Atlantic forest bird communities of south-eastern Brazil: implications for conservation. In: Levey DJ, Silva RW, Galetti M (eds) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York, pp 423-436 Smith JF (2001) High species diversity in fleshy fruited tropical understory plants. Am Nat 157:646-653 Smythe N (1970) Relationships between fruiting sesons and seed dispersal methods in a neotropical forest. Am Nat 104:25-36 Snow DW (1971) Evolutionary aspects of fruit-eating in birds. Ibis 113:194-202 Snow DW (1981) Tropical frugivorous birds and their food plants: a world survey. Biotropica 13:1-14 Soorae PS, Baker LR (2002) eds. Re-introduction NEWS: Special Primate Issue, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group, AbuDhabi, UAE (21): 60 pp Sorg J-P, Rohner U (1996) Climate and tree phenology of the dry deciduous forest, the Kirindy Forest. Primate Report, 46-1, Göttingen, pp 57-80 Spehn S, Ganzhorn JU (2000) Influence of seed dispersal by brown lemurs on removal rates of three Grewia species (Tiliaceae) in the dry deciduous forest of Madagascar. Ecotropica 6:13-21 Stashko E, Dinerstein E (1988) Methods of estimating fruit availability to frugivorous bats. In: Kunz TH. Ecological and behavioral methods in the study of bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, pp 221–231 Surridge AK, Osorio D, Mundy NI (2003) Evolution and selection of trichromatic vision in primates. Trends Ecol Evol 18:198-205 Sussman RW (1975) A preliminary study of the behavior and ecology of Lemur fulvus rufus Audebert 1800. In: Tattersal I, Sussman RW (eds) Lemur biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 237-258 177
References Tattersall I (1982) The primates of Madagascar. Columbia University Press, New York Terborgh J (1983) Five New World Primates; a study of comparative ecology. Princeton University Press, New Jersey Terborgh J (1986a) Keystone plant resources in the tropical forest. In Soule ME (ed) Conservation Biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, pp 330-344 Terborgh J (1986b) Community aspects of frugivory in tropical forests. In: Estrada A, Fleming TH (ed) Frugivores and seed dispersal. W. Jung, Dordrecht, pp 371-384 Terborgh J (1990) An overview of research at Cocha Cashu Biological Station. In: Gentry AH (ed) Four neotropical forests. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 48-59 Terborgh J, Lopez L, Nuñez P, Rao M, Shahabuddin G, Orihuela G, Riveros M, Ascanio R, Adler GH, Lambert TD, Balbas L (2001) Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294:1923-1926 Tewksbury JJ, Levey DJ, Haddad NM, Sargent S, Orrock JL, Weldon A, Danielson BJ, Brinkerhoff J, Damschen EI, Townsend P (2002) Corridors affect plants, animals and their interactions in fragmented landscapes. PNAS 99: 12923-12926 Thomas DW (1988) Analysis of diets of plant-visiting bats. In: Kunz, TH (ed) Ecological and behavioral methods in the study of bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp 211–220 Tiffney BH (1984) Seed size, dispersal syndromes and the rise of angiosperms: evidence and hypothesis. Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 71:551-576 Tutin CEG, Williamson EA, Rogers ME, Fernandez M (1991) A case study of a plantanimal interation: Cola lizae and lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. J Trop Ecology 7:181-199 Van der Pijl L (1969) Principles of dispersal in higher plants. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Van Schaik CP (1986) Phenological changes in a Sumatran rain forest. J Trop Ecol 2:327-347 Van Schaik CP, Terborgh JW, Wright SJ (1993) The phenology of tropical forests: Adaptive Significance and Consequences for Primary Consumers. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:353-377 Van Soest PJ (1994) Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York Vasey N (2000) Niche separation in Varecia variegata rubra and Eulemur fulvus albifrons: I. Interspecific patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol 112: 411-431 Voigt F (2001) Einfluss von Samenausbreitern auf die Häufigkeit von Fruchttypen in tropischen Baumgemeinschaften. Master Thesis, Philips-Universitât-Marburg, Germany Voigt FA, Burkhardt JF, Verhaagh M, Böhning-Gaese K (2002) Regional differences in ant community structure and consequences for secondary dispersal of Commiphora seeds. Ecotropica 8: 59-66 Voigt FA, Bleher B, Fietz J, Ganzhorn, Schwab D, Böhning-Gaëse K (submitted) A comparison of morphological and chemical fruit traits between two sites with different frugivore assemblages. Oecologia Wallace RB, Painter RLE (2002) Phenological patterns in a southern Amazonian tropical forest: implications for sustainable management. Forest Ecol Manag 160:19-33 Wallace AR (1879) Colour in Nature. Nature 19:580-581 Wang BC, Smith TB (2002) Closing the dispersal loop. Trends Ecology Evol 17:379-385 178
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
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Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
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Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
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Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
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Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
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Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
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Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
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Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169 and 170: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 171 and 172: References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
Page 173 and 174: References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
Page 175 and 176: References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
Page 177 and 178: References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
Page 179 and 180: References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
Page 181: References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
Page 186: family Loganiaceae scientific name
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