Fruit-frugivore interactions in a Malagasy littoral forest - Universiteit ...

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Pteropus rufus number per species and seed viability upon returning at the field station. A reference collection of the seeds gathered from several fragments of primary and secondary forest was made. It should contain the majority of fruits available within the littoral forest during our study period. This reference collection was used to identify the seed species during faecal analyses. For several Ficus spp., seeds were too similar to allow identification at species level. For these species identifications were based on the characteristics of the seedlings. Observations on feeding behaviour were obtained during tree watches and during opportunistic encounters with flying foxes. Because of the difficulty of approaching flying foxes at night these data are limited. The following parameters were scored: visitation length, defined as the time elapsing between arrival of the first flying fox until departure of the last one in the feeding tree, number of individuals feeding and if possible feeding behaviour. Ejecta pellets collected under the tree were described by their characteristic feeding marks. BERENTY Ambosary ANALALAVA ENATO ANANDRANO Fort-Dauphin 10 km SAINTE LUCE MAROVONY Fig 1. On the left a detail of the littoral forests (Marovony, Analalava, Sainte Luce, Mandena and Petriky) in the south-east is shown with the five Pteropus rufus colonies’ roost sites indicated and on the right a detail shows the five biggest forest fragments of the Sainte Luce littoral forest with indication again on the bat’s day roost (S6) and the campsite (S9). Food selection: fruit and seed characterisation The following characteristics of fruits and seeds were noted for a total number of 175 individual plant species available in the forest throughout our research period: growth form, fruit type, external colour at ripeness, odour, pulp type, fruit and seed length and mass, number of seeds per fruit, water content and fruit skin thickness. Large trees (>6m in height), small trees (
Chapter 3a Table 1. Overview of the fruit species consumed by Pteropus rufus with indication of plant family, species or gender name and vernacular name, type of evidence (O: observation,F: faecal analyses, M: gnawing marks), growth form, fruit type, colour at ripeness, odour (S: strong; P: present, A: absent), pulp type, fruit length (mm) and weight (g), seed length (mm) and weight (g), number of seeds (NS) and percentage of watercontent (H2O). Fruit skin thickness was identical for all taxa (easily opened by nail) except for Rothmannia mandenensis (by knife only). Family Taxon Vernacular Evid Growth name form Annonaceae Polyalthia madagascariensis fotsivavo F large tree Araliaceae Polyscias sp. voatsilana F large tree Arecaceae Dypsis prestoniana boakabe OFM large tree Dypsis nodifera raotry MF small tree/shrub Bignoniaceae Ophiocolea delphinensis akondronala M small tree/shrub Canellaceae Cinnamosma madagascariensis vahabatra F large tree Combretaceae Terminalia fatraea katrafa OMF large tree Ericaceae Vaccinium emirnense tsilantria F small tree/shrub Euphorbiaceae Uapaca ferruginea voapaky lahy OF large tree Uapaca thouarsii voapaky lahy ZJ F large tree Uapaca littoralis voapaky vavy OMF large tree Ludia antanosarum 1 hazofotsy F small tree/shrub Ludia antanosarum 1 zorafotsy F large tree Flacourtiaceae Scolopia orientalis zoramena OF large tree Lauraceae Beilschmiedia madagascariensis resonzo M large tree Ocotea sp. varongy F large tree Liliaceae Dracaena reflexa var. nervosa 1 falinandro F small tree/shrub Dracaena reflexa var. nervosa 1 tavolobotroka F small tree/shrub Loranthaceae Bakerella ambongoensis velomihanto sp.1 F epiphyte Bakerella sp. velomihanto sp.2 F epiphyte Loganiaceae Anthocleista madagascariensis lendemibe F large tree Anthocleista longifolia lendemilahy F small tree/shrub Monimiaceae Tambourissa purpurea 1 ambora F small tree/shrub Tambourissa purpurea 1 amboralahy F small tree/shrub Moraceae Ficus baronii aviavy F large tree Ficus guatteriifolia fihamy F large tree Ficus pyrifolia nonoka F large tree Myrtaceae Syzygium sp.2 rotry mena OMF large tree Rubiaceae Canthium variistipula fantsikaitramainty F large tree Tricalysia cf. cryptocalyx hazongalala lahy F small tree/shrub Tricalysia sp. hazongalala vavy F small tree/shrub Rothmannia mandenensis taholagna F large tree genus indet. tainbarika F large tree Ixora sp. x203 F small tree/shrub Mapouria aegialodes x210a F small tree/shrub Mapouria sp.2 x210 F small tree/shrub Rutaceae Vepris elliotii ampoly F large tree Sapotaceae Sideroxylon beguei var. saboureaui ambirimbarika MF large tree Sarcolaenaceae Sarcolaena multiflora meramaintso F large tree Saxifragaceae Brexia sp. kambatrikambatri F small tree/shrub 1 as indicated by their vernacular name in three cases we found two plant species corresponding to the same scientific name. They could represent different ecotypes of the same species or they might be different species that have no taxonomic names yet. As this is difficult to affirm at the moment we preferred including all vernacular as separate units in our diet list and the 40 plant species are also treated as separate species throughout this paper 88
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
Page 41 and 42: Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 the successful establishm
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 On a community level the
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
Page 63 and 64: Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 different consumer specie
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
Page 90 and 91: Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
Page 94 and 95: Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
Page 96 and 97: Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
Page 98 and 99: Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
Page 100 and 101: Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
Page 102 and 103: Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
Page 104 and 105: Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
Page 106 and 107: Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
Page 108 and 109: Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
Page 110 and 111: Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
Page 112 and 113: Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
Page 115 and 116: Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
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Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
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Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
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Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
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Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
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Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
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General conclusion as in other site
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General conclusion selection pressu
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General conclusion are consumed by
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Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
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Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
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Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
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Résumé température et précipita
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Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
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Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
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References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L
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References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
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References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
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References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
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References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
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References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
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References Tattersall I (1982) The
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family Loganiaceae scientific name
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