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REFERENCES References Andrianisa JA (1989) Observations phénologiques dans la Réserve Spéciale de Nosy Mangabe, Maroansetra. Mémoires de fin d’études, Ecole Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar Andrews JR, Birkinshaw CR (1998) A comparison between the daytime and nighttime diet, activity and feeding height of the Black Lemur, Eulemur macaco (Primates: Lemuridae) in Lokobe forest, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:175-182 Atsalis S (1999) Diet of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus) in Ranomafana national park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 20:193-229 Atsalis S (2000). Spatial distribution and population composition of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, and its implications for social organization. Am J Primatol 51:61-78 Bairlein F (1996) Fruit-eating in birds and its nutritional consequences. Comp Biochem Physiol 113:215-224 Baldi N (2002) Il ruola della fitochimica nella scelta alimentare di Eulemur fulvus collaris, una proscimmia del Madagascar. Unpublished Master Thesis, Pisa University, Italy Banack SA (1998) Diet selection and resource use by flying foxes (genus Pteropus). Ecology 79:1949–1967 Banks M (2002) Littoral forest primate fauna in the Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin) region of south-eastern Madagascar. ONG Azafady Report Barton RA, Purvis A, Harvey PH (1995) Evolutionary radiation of visual and olfactory brain systems in primates, bats and insectivores. Philos T Roy Soc B 348:381-310 Beier P, Noss RF (1998) Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conserv Biol 12:1241-1252 Birkinshaw CR (1999) The importance of the black lemur (Eulemur macaco) for seed dispersal in Lokobe Forest, Nosy be. In: Rakotosamimana B, Rakotosamimana H, Ganzhorn JU, Goodman SM (eds) New Directions in Lemur Studies. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 189-199 Birkinshaw CR (2001) Fruit characteristics of species dispersed by the black lemur (Eulemur macaco) in the Lokobe Forest, Madagascar. Biotropica 33:478-486 Bleher B, Böhning-Gaese K (2001) Consequences of frugivore diversity for seed dispersal, seedling establishment and the spatial pattern of seedlings and trees. Oecologia 129:385-394 Böhning-Gaese K, Gaese BH, Rabemanantasoa SB (1999) Importance of primary and secondary seed dispersal in the Malagasy tree Commiphora guillaumini. Ecology 80:821-832 Bollen A, Van Elsacker L (2001) Tree dispersal strategies; a variety of possibilities in inland littoral forest of SE-Madagascar. Abstract Poster BES meeting, Reading (UK), pp 20 Bollen A, Donati G, Fietz J, Schwab D, Ramanamanjato J-B, Randrihasipara L, Van Elsacker L, Ganzhorn JU (2002) Fruit characteristics and fruit choice by frugivorous lemurs in a dry deciduous forest and a humid littoral forest of Madagascar. Abstract Oral Presentation. ATB-Conference Panama City (Panama), pp 11 165
References Bollen A, Van Elsacker L (2002a) Feeding ecology of Pteropus rufus (Pteropodidae) in the littoral forest of Sainte Luce, SE Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica 4:33-47 Bollen A, Van Elsacker L (2002b) Seed predation and secondary dispersal in littoral forest (Sainte Luce, SE Madagascar): an experimental approach. Abstract Poster. ATB-Conference Panama City (Panama), pp 135 Bollen A, Van Elsacker L (2002c) Focal tree studies: Dypsis prestoniana as an example. Abstract. BENELUX Congress of Zoology Antwerp (Belgium), pp 57 Bollen A, Van Elsacker L (2003) Measuring fruit availability: data from the littoral forest of Sainte Luce (SE-Madagascar). Abstract Poster ATB-Conference, Aberdeen (Scotland), pp 60 Bollen A, Donati G, Fietz J, Schwab D, Ramanamanjato JB, Randrihasipara L, Van Elsacker L. and Ganzhorn JU (2003) Fruit characteristics in a dry deciduous and a humid littoral forest of Madagascar: evidence for selection pressure through abiotic constraints rather than seed dispersers. In: Dew L, Boubli JP (eds) Fruits and frugivores. Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, Chapter 6 (in press) Bonnaire L, Simmen B (1994) Taste perception of fructose solutions and diet in Lemuridae. Folia Primatol 63:171-176 Bourlière F (1985) Primate communities: their structure and role in tropical ecosystems. Int J Primatol 6:1-26 Britt A (2000) Diet and feeding behaviour of the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata variegata) in the Betampona Reserve, Eastern Madagascar. Folia Primatol 71:133-141 Brugiere D, Gautier J-P, Moungazi A, Gautier-Hion A (2002) Primate diet and biomass in relation to vegetation composition and fruiting phenology in a rain forest in Gabon. Int. J Primatol 23:999-1024 Carlo TA, Collazo JA, Groom MJ (2003) Avian fruit preferences across Puerto Rican forested landscape: pattern consistency and implications for seed removal. Oecologia 134:119-131. Chapman CA (1995) Primate seed dispersal: coevolution and conservation implications. Evol Anthropol 4:74-82 Chapman CA, Chapman LJ (1996) Frugivory and the fate of dispersed and nondispersed seeds of six African tree species. J Trop Ecol 12:491-504 Chapman CA, Onderdonk DA (1998) Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency. Am J Primatol 45:127-141 Chapman CA, Peres CA (2001) Primate conservation in the new millennium: the role of scientists. Evol Anthropol 10:16-33 Chapman CA, Wrangham R (1994) Indices of habitat-wide fruit abundance in tropical forests. Biotropica 26:160-171 Chapman CA, Chapman LJ, Wrangham RW, Hunt K, Gebo D, Gardner L (1992a) Estimators of Fruit Abundance of Tropical Trees. Biotropica 24:527-531 Chapman LJ, Chapman CA, Wrangham RW (1992b) Balanites wilsoniana: elephant dependent dispersal? J Trop Ecol 8:275-283 Charles-Dominique P (2001) Relationships between seed dispersal and behavioural ecology In: Bongers F, Charles-Dominique P, Forget J-P, Thery M (eds) Nouragues:Dynamics and plant-animal interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 191-196 166
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Fruit-frugivore interactions in a M
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Cover photographs: Front: Back: -
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Table of contents III. General conc
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Acknowledgements A special word of
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PREFACE Preface This work brings to
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General introduction Finally, seed
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General introduction high as 98% fo
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’Hazo tokana tsy mba ala’ One t
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Chapter 1 changes in resource avail
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Chapter 1 For analyses we narrowed
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Chapter 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal variatio
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Chapter 1 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Chapter 1 Fig 4. Comparison of data
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Chapter 1 Table 4. Data on phenolog
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Chapter 1 Relation with abiotic fac
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Chapter 1 Malagasy rainforests disp
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Chapter 1 Appendix I Continued Fami
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Malagasy proverb Drawing © Giusepp
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Chapter 2 the successful establishm
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Chapter 2 40 Table 1. The frugivore
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Chapter 2 Statistical analyses To v
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Chapter 2 Overall fruit trap data d
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Chapter 2 Table 3. Morphological an
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Chapter 2 depressed seeds (Fig. 3a)
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Chapter 2 Fig. 3. Ordination plot o
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Chapter 2 On a community level the
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Chapter 2 Appendix II. Plant-animal
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Malagasy proverb Lemur drawing © S
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Chapter 3 different consumer specie
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Chapter 3 Bollen et al. in press, C
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Chapter 3 64 Body 1,2 Body lenght (
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Chapter 3 dominant plant families s
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Chapter 3 Table 4. Morphological an
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Chapter 3 Table 4 Continued Paramet
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Chapter 3 Besides testing feeding s
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Chapter 3 and do not consume the fi
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Chapter 3 (1997) already pointed ou
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Chapter 3 1989; Galetti 1993; Saini
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Chapter 3 Appendix I. All plant spe
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Chapter 3 Other SD Hss Rats Rr Ew 8
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Pteropus rufus Feeding ecology of P
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Pteropus rufus number per species a
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Pteropus rufus Table 1 Continued Fr
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Pteropus rufus larger number of spe
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Table 2 Continued Number of seeds/d
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Pteropus rufus Food selection: expl
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Pteropus rufus presence. On the oth
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Pteropus rufus Marshall (1983). Occ
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Coracopsis nigra The feeding ecolog
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Coracopsis nigra fruit pulp (70%) b
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Coracopsis nigra Table 1 Continued
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Coracopsis nigra Table 2. Morpholog
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Malagasy proverb Drawing of fruits
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Chapter 4 Most seed dispersal studi
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 Mean temperature is aroun
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Number of seeds: 1-2, 3-1
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Fig. 2. Monthly fruit ava
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 120 Table 3. Soil charact
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Table 4. Morphological ch
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Table 5. Biochemical char
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 Chemistry At both sites,
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4 considering species numbe
Page 137 and 138: ’Ny valala tsy indroa mandry eo a
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 environmental degradation
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 at a very low density in
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 Table 1. A list of plant
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 (Ganzhorn et al. 1999a).
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Animals The degree of vul
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 comm.). Mixed species pla
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 data are needed we believ
Page 153 and 154: General conclusion as in other site
Page 155 and 156: General conclusion selection pressu
Page 157 and 158: General conclusion are consumed by
Page 159 and 160: Samenvatting omstandigheden zijn bo
Page 161 and 162: Samenvatting vruchtkenmerken. Beide
Page 163 and 164: Samenvatting zaadverspreiding moete
Page 165 and 166: Résumé température et précipita
Page 167 and 168: Résumé (Sud-est de Madagascar) et
Page 169: Résumé des frugivores sur l’év
Page 173 and 174: References Dowsett JR (2000) Le sta
Page 175 and 176: References Godfrey LR, Junger WL, R
Page 177 and 178: References Janson CH, Chapman CA (1
Page 179 and 180: References Marshall AG (1983) Bats,
Page 181 and 182: References Rabevohitra R, Lowry PP,
Page 183 and 184: References Tattersall I (1982) The
Page 186: family Loganiaceae scientific name
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