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Ovidius University Annals of Natural Sciences, Biology – Ecology Series Volume 14, 2010 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PROVADIISKO PLATEAU Dimcho ZAHARIEV, Desislav DIMITROV University of Shumen Bishop Konstantin Preslavski, Faculty of Nature Sciences, 115 Universitetska Str., 9712, Shumen, Bulgaria, dimtchoz@yahoo.com _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Considerable taxonomical diversity of the medicinal plants of Provadiisko Plateau is established: 376 species of vascular plants from 261 genera and 86 families. Most families (77.91%) and genera (98.85%) are represented in small numbers – 1 to 4. The analysis of their life form indicates that the geophytes dominante, followed by the groups of the phanerophytes and the hemi cryptophytes. These biological types are represented mainly by perennial herbaceous plants (53.19%) and annual herbaceous plants (12.77%). The largest percentage species are of the circumboreal type (36.17%). Among the medicinal plants, there are 4 endemites and 29 relicts. 39 species with protection statute are described. The anthropophytes among the medicinal plants are 236 species (62.77%). Keywords: Provadiisko Plateau, medicinal plants, analysis of medicinal plants, protected species. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction In physiographic terms the Provadiisko Plateau belongs to the Danube hilly plain area, i.e. the Ludogorsko-Provadiiska subarea [1]. The Northern plateau border is the Provadiiska River; in the East it reaches to the Devnya Valley; in the South, the Provadiisko Plateau is separated from Roiaksko Plateau by Glavnica River; and finally, west of the Provaddisko Plateau is the Shumensko Plateau. The average altitude is 250 m. above sea level. The highest point is Sakartepe in the western parts of the plateau with its height of 389 m. The plateau is located in the Transcontinental climate region, district Dobrudjansko Plateau [2]. Winds are coming mostly from the North and Northeast. The average annual temperature is around 12°С. The average monthly temperatures are always positive. The temperature in January is the lowest (1.2°С) and in July – the highest (22.6°С). The minimum temperature rarely fall to 18°С, and the average maximum temperature reaches 27°С. The maximum rainfalls are in May and June and the minimum – in March and September. The annual amount of rainfalls is around 530 mm. Average humidity is around 76-77%; lowest in the summer (70%) and highest in the winter (82%) [3]. The soils, according to the FAO classification, are two types. The first type is calcic chernozems located on the slopes and in the areas with low slope. The second type is calvaric fluvisols located in the Provadiiska Valley [4]. In terms of its flora, the plateau belongs to the region of Northeastern Bulgaria. The vegetation includes: forests of Carpinus betulus L. and Quercus cerris L., partly with Carpinus orientalis Mill.; mixed forests of Carpinus betulus L. and Quercus cerris L., partly with Quercus dalechampii Ten., Acer campestre L., etc.; mixed forests of Tilia tomentosa Moench., with Carpinus betulus L. or Quercus cerris L., partly also with Quercus dalechampii Ten., Acer campestre L., etc.; forest and shrubs of Carpineta orientalis; mixed forests of Quercus cerris L., Quercus pubescens Willd. and Cotinus coggygria Scop., partly with a secondary prevalence of Cotinus coggygria Scop.; mixed forests of Fraxinus ornus L. and Carpinus orientalis Mill., partly of secondary origin; shrubs with prevalence of Paliureta spinachristi, combined with xerothermal frass communities mostly replacing xerothermal forest communities of Quercus cerris L. and Quercus frainetto Ten.; shrub and grass steppe and xerothermal communities; xerothermal grass communities with a prevalence of Dichantieta ischaemi, Poaeta bulbosae, Poaeta concinnae, Chrysopogoneta grylli and Ephemereta; ISSN-1453-1267 © 2010 Ovidius University Press
The medicinal plants of the Provadiisko Plateau / Ovidius University Annals, Biology-Ecology Series 14: 17-23 (2010) mesoxerothermal grass vegetation with a prevalence of Poa bulbosa L., Loium perenne L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., partly also Dichantium ischaemum (L.) Roberty and rarely Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin., mostly in the village com monlands; mesophytous grass communities (meadows), replacing forests of Ulmus minor Mill., Fraxinus oxicarpa Willd., Quercus robur L., Quercus pedunculiflora C. Koch.; farm areas, replacing forests of Fagus sylvatica ssp. moesiaca (K. Maly) Hyelmq.; farm areas, replacing forests of Quercus dalechampii Ten.; farm areas, replacing forests of Ulmus minor Mill., Fraxinus oxicarpa Willd., Quercus pedunculiflora C. Koch. [5]. The first studies of the flora of the plateau have been conducted in the 1990s by Vasil Kovachev around Madara, Kaspitchan and Provadia [6]. The results are found in the first volume on Bulgarian flora [7] and its supplement [8]. Hermengild Shkorpil also conducted botanical researchin the vicinity of Provadia in the early twentieth century [6]. So far, data on the medicinal plants in the area of Provadiisko Plateau have been published by authors for the the territory of Municipality Provadia [9] and by Zahariev and Uzunov for the protected area Madarski rock wreaths [10]. The Provadiisko Plateau is a part of the protected zone Provadiisko-Roiaksko Plateau by Natura 2000, according to Council Directive 92/43/EEC of the European Community to protect natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora [11]. 2. Material and Methods The field studies were conducted on the route method in 2007-2009. The names of the taxons are taken from the Flora of PR Bulgaria, Vol. І – Х [12]. The update of the taxons is consistent with APG II [13]. The life forms are presented by Raunkier [14]. In their determination was used Flora of PR Bulgaria, Vol. І – Х [12]. The biological types are presented by Kozuharov [15]. The floristic elements and endemites are presented by Asiov et all. [16]. The relicts are presented by Gruev and Kuzmanov [17], Peev [18], Boža et all. [19], Peev et all. [20]. The protection status is presented using the following documents: Council Directive 92/43/EEC of the European 18 Community to protect natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora [11], Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) [21], Red book of PR Bulgaria [22], IUCN Red List for Bulgaria [23], Biological Diversity Act [24], Order for special arrangements for the conservation and use of medicinal plants [25]. The anthropophytes are presented by Stefanov and Kitanov [26]. 3. Results and Discussions As a result of the research of the medicinal plants of the Provadiisko Plateau 376 species of vascular plants from 261 genera and 86 families have been indetified. They represent 9.83% from all species, 29.36% from all genera and 50.89% from all plant families in Bulgaria. Most families (77.91%) and genera (98.85%) are represented in small numbers: 1 to 4. Almost all families (86.05%) are represented with 1-4 genera. Only 13.95% from the families included 5 or more genera (Table 1). Most genera are found in the families: Asteraceae (28), Lamiaceae (22), Fabaceae (21), Rosaceae (15), Apiaceae (14) and Brassicaceae (12). Table 1. Families with greatest number of genera Families Genera Asteraceae 28 Lamiaceae 22 Fabaceae 21 Rosaceae 15 Apiaceae 14 Brassicaceae 12 Scrophulariaceae 8 Ranunculaceae 8 Caryophyllaceae 8 Boraginaceae 7 Poaceae 5 Solanaceae 5 Most families – 77.91% have 1-4 species. Only 22.09% of the families are represented by 5 or more species (Table 2). Most species belong to the following families: Asteraceae (42), Lamiaceae (41),
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VOLUM OMAGIAL - Facultatea de Ştiinţe ale Naturii şi Ştiinţe Agricole

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