PostGIS Raster : Extending PostgreSQL for The Support of ... - CoDE

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means, which can be grouped in two categories: analog (using optical, mechanical, and electronic components) or analytical (where the modeling is mathematical and the processing is digital). Analog solutions are increasingly being replaced by analytical/digital solutions, which are also referred to as softcopy photogrammetry. The main product from a softcopy photogrammetry system may include digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthoimagery. GeoRaster can manage all this raster data, together with its georeferencing information. D.2.2 Application Photogrammetry is used in different fields, such as topographic mapping, architecture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control, policeinvestigation, and geology, as well as by archaeologists to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites and by meteorologists as a way to determine the actual wind speed of a tornado where objective weather data cannot be obtained. It is also used to combine live action with computer-generated imagery in movie post-production; The Matrix is a good example of the use of photogrammetry in film (details are given in the DVD extras). This method is commonly employed in collision engineering, especially with automobiles. When litigation for accidents occurs and engineers need to determine the exact deformation present in the vehicle, it is common for several years to have passed and the only evidence that remains is crime scene photographs taken by the police. Photogrammetry is used to determine how much the car in question was deformed, which relates to the amount of energy required to produce that deformation. The energy can then be used to determine important information about the crash (such as the velocity at time of impact) D.3 Cartography Cartography is the science of creating maps, which are two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional Earth (or of a non-Earth space using a local coordinate system). Advances in electronic technology in the 20th century ushered in another revolution in cartography. Ready availability of computers and peripherals such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose spatially located variables onto existing maps created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these potentials. See also: digital raster graphic. These days most commercial-quality maps are made using software that falls into one of three main types: CAD, GIS and specialized illustration software. Spatial information can be stored in a database, from which it can be extracted on demand. These tools lead to increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally. With the field rugged computers, GPS and laser rangefinders, it is possible to perform mapping directly in the terrain. Construction of a map in real time, for example by using Field-Map technology, improves productivity and quality of the result. Today, maps are digitized or scanned into digital forms, and map production is largely automated. Maps stored on a computer can be queried, analyzed, and updated quickly. There are many types of maps, corresponding to a variety of uses or purposes. Examples of map types include base (background), thematic, relief (three-dimensional), aspect, cadastral (land use), and inset. Maps usually contain several annotation elements to help explain the map, such as scale bars, legends, symbols (such as the north arrow), and labels (names of cities, rivers, and so on). Maps can be stored in raster format (and thus can be managed by GIS), in vector format or in a hybrid format. 97
D.4 Digital Image Processing D.4.1 Introduction Figure D.2: Relief map Sierra Nevada (Spain) [38]. Digital image processing is used to process raster data in standard image formats, such as TIFF, GIF, JFIF (JPEG), and Sun Raster, as well as in many geo image formats, such as NITF, GeoTIFF, ERDAS IMG, and PCI PIX. Image processing techniques are widely used in remote sensing and photogrammetry applications. These techniques are used as needed to enhance, correct, and restore images to facilitate interpretation; to correct for any blurring, distortion, or other degradation that may have occurred; and to classify geo-objects automatically and identify targets. The source, intermediate, and result imagery can be loaded and managed by GeoRaster. Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the buildup of noise and signal distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems. A digital image processing allows the use of much more complex algorithms for image processing, and hence, can offer both more sophisticated performance at simple tasks, and the implementation of methods which would be impossible by analog means. application. D.4.2 Digital Camera Images Digital cameras generally include dedicated digital image processing chips to convert the raw data from the image sensor into a colour-corrected image in a standard image file format. Images from digital cameras often receive further processing to improve their quality, a distinct advantage that digital cameras have over film cameras. The digital image processing typically is executed by special software programs that can manipulate the images in many ways. Many digital cameras also enable viewing of histograms of images, as an aid for the photographer to understand the rendered brightness range of each shot more readily. D.5 Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Geology, geophysics, and geochemistry all use digital data and produce some digital raster maps that can be managed by GeoRaster. • In geology, the data includes regional geological maps, stratum maps, and rock slide pictures. In 98
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Faculté de Sciences Appliquées Se
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Abstract Nowadays, in many applicat
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3.2.4 Overlapping Raster and Vector
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D.5 Geology, Geophysics and Geochem
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4.9 Raster cell [16]. . . . . . . .
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
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Chapter 2 Geographic Information Sy
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2.2.3 Imagery Figure 2.3: Polygon f
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Figure 2.8: Surface expressed by co
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4-foot logo. The file size is the s
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2.4.2 Data Theme Figure 2.14: Multi
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measures of latitude. Longitude mea
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2.6 GIS Applications 2.6.1 Crime Ma
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2.6.3 Traditional Knowledge GIS Tra
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These additional functionalities ma
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Figure 3.3: Physical storage of Geo
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DROP INDEX spain_images_idx; CREATE
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In summary, the intersection is muc
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Attribute information Table 4.1: Po
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Figure 4.2: Information representat
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for discrete data while floating-po
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the matrix are parallel to the x-ax
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Lines Figure 4.15: Raster point rep
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Choosing an appropriate cell size i
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The multi-band conception is result
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"32BUI" = 32-bit unsigned integer "
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Figure 4.30: Pyramids at different
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Page 65 and 66: 4.19 Intersection The fact that Pos
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Page 95 and 96: [15] Jorge Arevalo. PostGIS Raster
Page 97 and 98: Appendix A PostGIS Raster Utilisati
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