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15. Hensel P, Austel M, Medleau L, Zhao Y, Vidtashankar A: Determination of threshold concentrations of allergens and evaluation of two different histamine concentrations in canine intradermal testing. Vet Derm 15: 304-308, 2004 16. Rosenkrantz W: Allergy Testing in Horses. Proceedings of the 5 th World Congress in Veterinary Dermatology, p244, 2004 17. Nuttall T: Controversies in allergy testing. Proceedings of the 5 th World Congress in Veterinary Dermatology, p 367, 2004 18. Scott, Miller, Griffin: Small Animal Dermatology, 6 th Edition. Eds: Muller and Kirk. WB Saunders, Pennsylvania 2001 19. Freeman SL, England GC: Investigation of romifidine and detomodine for the clinical sedation of horses. The Veterinary Record 147: 507-511, 2000 20. Fadok VA, Mullowney PC: Dermatologic diseases of horses, part 1. Parasitic dermatoses of the horse. Compend Cont Educ 5:S615, 1983 21. Littlewood JD: Diagnostic procedures in equine skin disease. Equine Vet Educ 9:174, 1997 22. Mullowney PC: Dermatologic Diseases of horses part V: allergic, immunemediated and miscellaneous skin diseases. Compend continuing Educ 7:S217, 1985 23. Pascoe RR: The nature and treatment of skin conditions observed in horses in Queensland. Aust vet J 49:35, 1973 24. Eder C, et al. Influence of environmental and genetic factors on allergenspecific immunoglobulin-E levels in sera from Lipizzan horses. Equine Vet J 33:714 2001 25. Quinn PJ, Baker KP, Morrow AN. Sweet itch: Responses of clinically normal and affected horses to intradermal challenge with extracts of biting insects. Equine Vet J 15:266-272 1983 26. Kolm-Stark G, Wagner R: IDST in Icelandic horses in Austria. Equine Vet J 34: 405, 2002 27. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oisterbann MM et al: Intradermal allergy testing in normal horses. In: Kwochka KW et al (eds). Advances in Veterinary Dermatology III. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1998 p 564 28. Personal communication with Cathy McGowan from the University of Queensland 30 ACVSC Proceedings Dermatology Chapter Science Week 2005
Intradermal Testing (IDT) in Horses: The UK Perspective Janet Littlewood Horses with a history of recurrent pruritus and /or urticaria represent the largest proportion of equine dermatology referral cases in the author's practice. Referred cases usually have a history of recurrent problems of at least 2 months duration. Ideally an elimination diet is undertaken before referral – although the almost complete absence of well-defined cases of adverse cutaneous food reaction in horses makes it a rare diagnosis, and so this is not considered essential, either prior to or after referral, although it is advised. Clients are often reluctant to limit their horses to strict, narrow elimination diets, particularly if they want to continue to work the horse. History and clinical examination are undertaken to rule out other possible causes of urticaria and pruritus, and if the signs are consistent with hypersensitivity, intradermal testing is undertaken. The author requests that horses be off antihistamines for a minimum of 2 weeks and have received no steroids for a month (ideally), although withdrawal of low dose alternate day steroids may not need to be for this period. Food additives, particularly aloe vera extract, should also be withdrawn – this advice is given on the basis of negative intradermal test results being obtained in a horse currently receiving aloe vera, with positive results obtained at retesting 3 weeks after withdrawal. Horses are sedated for intradermal testing, with detomidine hydrochloride (0.06- 0.12mg/kg) and butorphanol 0.075-0.15mg/kg) intravenously. An area on the lateral aspect of the shoulder is clipped with a number 40 blade and injection sites marked with a permanent marker pen at 2 cm intervals. Allergens for testing are obtained from Greer Laboratories Inc., North Carolina, USA with additional forage mites supplied by Artuvetrin Biologicals nv, Lelystad, Netherlands. In the past allergens have also been supplied by Stallervet, France. The selection of allergens used in intradermal testing in dogs in the UK was originally based on advice obtained from colleagues in human allergy medicine and using information from publications and texts. Over the years the author has changed and refined the test kit, in conjunction with colleagues and in the light of frequency of negative and positive reactions. In fact, apart from the Culicoides antigen, which is restricted for testing of horses, the author currently uses the same allergens in dogs and horses. Allergens supplied from Greer are stored in concentrated form and diluted to testing strength, whereas the European allergens are supplied at testing strength. The testing strengths used are selected on the basis of advice from the allergen companies and from published data. The restrictions on experimentation in the UK mean that very little work has been done on optimising of allergen concentrations, apart from work done on Culicoides ACVSC Proceedings Dermatology Chapter Science Week 2005 31
Page 1 and 2: Australian College of Veterinary Sc
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Page 5 and 6: 3.00 Afternoon tea 3.30 How I treat
Page 7 and 8: Dr Jennifer A. Charles BVSc MVS Dip
Page 9 and 10: Scientists in Feline Medicine in 19
Page 11 and 12: IgE-bearing cells have been demonst
Page 13 and 14: years, median age 6.5 years, with a
Page 15 and 16: dusts, grain smuts, moulds, danders
Page 17 and 18: References: Evans AG, Paradis MR, &
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Page 21 and 22: TABLE 1: CURRENT ALLERGENS SELECTED
Page 23 and 24: AmericanCockroach Cockroach mix
Page 25 and 26: Patient Preparation Drug Withdrawal
Page 27 and 28: Each injection site is visually exa
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Page 33 and 34: TABLE 2 Additional allergens used i
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Page 39 and 40: and this and other uncontrolled tri
Page 41 and 42: Introduction Diagnostic Approach to
Page 43 and 44: Wheals vary in size and shape and q
Page 45 and 46: References Evans AG, Paradis MR & O
Page 47 and 48: Introduction: Equine Chronic Urtica
Page 49 and 50: Acute treatment - Epinephrine 1:100
Page 51 and 52: anecdotal success with use of human
Page 53 and 54: an 80:20 mixture of evening primros
Page 55 and 56: Clinical approach to the horse with
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Page 59 and 60: Equine sarcoidosis Sonya Bettenay T
Page 61 and 62: described as a possible feature of
Page 63 and 64: others 2001), isotretinoin(Waldinge
Page 65 and 66: 12. LeGall, F., Loeuillet, L., Dela
Page 67 and 68: Introduction The equine sarcoid: an
Page 69 and 70: Clinical Presentation Small fibrous
Page 71 and 72: Assessment should be made on the fo
Page 73 and 74: (ix)Bone becomes devitalized if inc
Page 75 and 76: and mitomycin C have been used. All
Page 77 and 78: Owen LN & Barnett KC (1983) - Treat
Page 79 and 80: any anatomic location but commonly
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epidermis may be histologically nor
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References D.C. Knottenbelt, S. Edw
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indicated. Each sample for culture
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Proper dosage and proper duration a
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2. Affect on the horse and 3. Affec
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Affected horses usually scratch and
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• Cattle ear tags impregnated wit
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How I treat: equine pemphigus folia
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Treatment of pemphigus foliaceus in
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SCOTT, D.W., WALON, D.K., SLATER, M
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Diagnosis History of access of hors
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These vaccines are not manufactured
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References Alfaro AA & Mendoza L (1
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y a variety of fungal metabolites.
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Authors recommendations: 1. Both Im
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chorioptic mange by the author (Lit
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Clinical Disease The clinical resul
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treatment options have been used. P
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Notes ACVSC Proceedings Dermatology
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