Baltic Sea

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Jacobsen, T. S., 1980: Sea water exchange of the Baltic - measurements and methods. The Belt Project, Tech. Rep., National Agency of Environmental Protection, Denmark. Janssen, F., C. Schrum and J. O. Backhaus, 1999: A climatological dataset of temperature and salinity for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, Deutsche Hydrograsche Zeitschrift, Supp. 9. Knudsen, M., 1900: Ein hydrographischer Lehrsatz, Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 28 (7), 316320. Kouts, T. and A. Omstedt, 1993: Deep water exchange in the Baltic Proper, Tellus, 45A, 311324. Krauss, W., 1979: A semispectral model for the computation of meoscale processes in a stratied channel of variable depth, Deutsche Hydrograsche Zeitschrift, 32, 173189. Krauss, W. and B. Brügge, 1991: Wind-produced water exchange between the deep basins of the Baltic Sea, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 21 (3), 373384. Kuzmina, N., B. Rudels, T. Stipa and V. Zhurbas, 2005: The Structure and Driving Mechanism of the Baltic Intrusions, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35 (6), 11201137. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Review of Geophysics, 32, 363403. Lass, H. U., H. Prandke and B. Liljebladh, 2003: Dissipation in the Baltic Proper during winter stratication, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (C6), 3187, doi:10.1029/2002JC001401. Ledwell, J. R. and B. M. Hickey, 1995: Evidence for enhanced boundary mixing in the Santa Monica Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100 (C10), 20,66520,679. Lehmann, A. and H.-H. Hinrichsen, 2000: On the wind driven and thermohaline circulation of the Baltic Sea, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (B), 25 (2), 183189. Matthäus, W., 1984: Climatic and seasonal variability of oceanological parameters in the Baltic Sea, in Beiträge zur Meereskunde, pp. 2949, H. 51. 104
Matthäus, W., 1993: Major inows of highly saline water into the Baltic Sea - A review, in paper presented at Statutory Meeting of International Council for Exploration of Sea, Int. Counc. for the Explor. of the Sea, Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 23 to Oct. 1,1993, p. 10 pp. Matthäus, W. and H. Franck, 1992: Characteristics of major Baltic inows - a statistical analysis, Continental Shelf Research, 12, 13751400. Matthäus, W., H. U. Lass, E. Francke and R. Schwabe, 1983: Zur veränderlichkeit des volumen- und salztransports über die sarsser schwelle, Gerlands Beitr. zur Geophysik, 92, 407420. Matthäus, W., D. Nehring, R. Feistel, G. Nausch, V. Mohrholz and H. U. Lass, 2008: The Inow of Highly Saline Water into the Baltic Sea, in State and Evolution of the Baltic Sea, 1952-2005, Ed. by R. Feistel, G. Nausch and N. Wasmund. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, pp. 265309. Meier, H. E. M., 2007: Modeling the pathways and ages of inowing salt- and freshwater in the Baltic Sea, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 74, 610627. Meier, H. E. M. and F. Kauker, 2003: Sensitivity of the Baltic Sea salinity to the freshwater supply, Climate Research, 24, 231242. Meier, H. E. M. and F. Kauker, 2003b: Modeling decadal variability of the Baltic Sea: 2. Role of freshwater inow and large-scale atmospheric circulation for salinity, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (C11,3368), doi:10.1029/2003JC001799. Millero, F., R. Feistel, D. G. Wright and T. McDougall, 2008: The composition of standard seawater and the denition of the reference-composition salinity scale, Deep-Sea Research I, 55, 5072. Mohrholz, V., J. Dutz and G. Kraus, 2006: The impacts of exceptionally warm summer inow events on the environmental conditions in the Bornholm Basin, Journal of Marine Systems, 60, 285301. Omstedt, A. and L. B. Axell, 1998: Modeling the seasonal, interannual and long-term variations of salinity and termperature in the Baltic Proper, Tellus, 50A, 637652. 105
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No 88 2012 Spatiotemporal Scales of
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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Abstract The Baltic Sea is surround
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Contents Abstract Contents List of
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Acknowledgement 109 Appendix 111 vi
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M-7/M-8 Mesodyn hydrographic snapsh
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List of Figures 1.1 Baltic Sea - ba
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4.32 Regression sea level dierence
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1. Introduction 1.1 Investigations
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circulation above topographic anks
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58 o N 190 230 210 100 75 100 100 7
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y 'new' deep water. For instance, i
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events. During and after such event
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this inow event was classied as 'mo
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Scale (PSS-78), roughly by 0.5%, as
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(Acoustic Doppler Current Proler) a
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for the southernmost zonal section
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whereas the length of the NE time s
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have a thickness of only 1.5 m in o
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dependent salt volumes for the deep
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7 6.5 a Temperature ( o C) 6 5.5 5
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Potential Temperature ( o C) 8 7 6
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inowing waters masses with variable
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following these bounds will be used
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60 80 100 −45 −50 −55 Pressur
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Monitoring Station BMP271 60 80 100
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Date 31.8.1997, 03.11.1997, 03.11.1
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190 a 200 Depth (m) 210 220 230 240
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Date (ID) 〈S〉 V (g/kg) 〈θ〉
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deviation of the temperature uctuat
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4. The Deep Circulation in the EGB
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Depth (m) 50 100 150 200 17 16 4.6
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For this reason, the displayed temp
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6.4 6.3 178 m 208 m 223 m Daily Tem
Page 69 and 70: The deep parts of the basin are exp
Page 71 and 72: On the 29 September 2006 between 60
Page 73 and 74: In the geostrophic balance horizont
Page 75 and 76: captured eastward velocities up to
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4.11: Modelled current veloc
Page 79 and 80: SFS and SFN. At the southern ank a
Page 81 and 82: Mean Volume Transports Mean Volume
Page 83 and 84: 160 170 180 Volume of EGB below 170
Page 85 and 86: Basin 55.9 ◦ N. From there the bo
Page 87 and 88: Volume transports (km 3 /d) 15 10 5
Page 89 and 90: Gdansk Basin happened a few weeks e
Page 91 and 92: needs some explanation, since the l
Page 93 and 94: and Fig. 4.24 and displayed in Tabl
Page 95 and 96: Salt (t) 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x 10 10
Page 97 and 98: Time Period Stolpe Channel at 17.5
Page 99 and 100: Modelled volume transport through S
Page 101 and 102: discovered that most of the varianc
Page 103 and 104: to the right (perpendicular) to the
Page 105 and 106: of salty and often well oxygenated
Page 107 and 108: Depth (m) 40 45 50 55 60 4 3 2 1 0
Page 109 and 110: a correlation coecient of R=-0.68 a
Page 111 and 112: 5. Discussion and Conclusions 5.1 D
Page 113 and 114: graphic cross-sections, conducted i
Page 115 and 116: direction as the wind. The deep lay
Page 117 and 118: Bibliography Axell, L. B., 1998: On
Page 119: Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski,
Page 123 and 124: Rubio, A., D. Gomis, G. Jordà and
Page 125 and 126: Zhurbas, V., I. Oh and V. Paka, 200
Page 127 and 128: Appendix Current speed and directio
Page 129 and 130: Current speed and direction (cm/s)
Page 131 and 132: 2 1.5 1 Cumulative volume through S
Page 133 and 134: Volume (km 3 ) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Page 135 and 136: 10 3 Regional Wind 7 Power Spectra
Page 137 and 138: NE along−slope at 178m 10 2 10 1
Page 139 and 140: Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
Page 141 and 142: 26 (1997) Lakaschus, Sönke: Konzen
Page 143 and 144: 51 (2002) Wasmund, Norbert; Pollehn
Page 145 and 146: 78 (2009) Wasmund, Norbert; Pollehn
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