Baltic Sea

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List of Tables 3.1 Mooring NE and SW: averaged velocities and max. speeds . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2 Vertical averaged density ratio and Turner angle of BMP271 . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 Volume averaged salinities and temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.4 Lower bounds for vertical uxes and diusivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1 Stolpe Channel: comparison of measured and modelled volume transports . . . 65 4.2 Cross-correlations of volume and salt transports of Stolpe Channel, Gdansk Basin, Hoburg Channel and salt content EGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.3 Cumulative volume and salt of Stolpe Channel, Gdansk Basin and Hoburg Channel for salt ≥ 12 g/kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.4 Mass balance of cumulative volume and salt of Stolpe Channel . . . . . . . . 82 4.5 Mean volume transports Stolpe Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 xiii
1. Introduction 1.1 Investigations of spatiotemporal scales in the Baltic Proper The Baltic Sea is mainly surrounded by land, thus water exchanges with the North Atlantic Ocean take place indirectly through transition areas such as the Kattegat (K), which connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. To reach the Baltic Sea, its waters have to pass through the narrow sound and straights. All inowing water is topographically trapped for a certain time in several deep basins, which are connected by channels and separated by shallow sills of dierent depth. The largest basin of the Baltic Sea is the Eastern Gotland Basin (EGB) with a maximum depth of 249 m. Due to its landlocked position and large amounts of river run-o the Baltic proper is strongly stratied and the density is predominantly determined by salinity. Between 60 - 90 m a strong halocline prevents mixing of the whole water column in the EGB. Exchanges of saline and oxygen-rich waters from the North Sea occur sporadically yet are essential for the ventilation of the deep EGB, since dense water masses travel along the bottom. Driving mechanism of inows are well investigated (Matthäus and Franck, 1992), but associated spatiotemporal eects are still subject to research and crucial for the understanding of overall mechanism. The majority of inows occur as barotropic inows between November and January, the so-called 'inow season' (Matthäus and Franck, 1992), when the water column in the Kattegat is well mixed and oxygenated. However, not all inows are cold, oxygen-rich inows, especially when the inow occurs in summer under calm wind conditions. These inows still manage to exchange the deep layers of the EGB, but not with the desired eect of renewing the oxygen. The following questions arise from the eects saline inowing water masses from the North Sea have on the deep water of the Baltic Sea and will be addressed in this thesis: What kind 1
Page 1 and 2: No 88 2012 Spatiotemporal Scales of
Page 3 and 4: Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
Page 5 and 6: Abstract The Baltic Sea is surround
Page 7 and 8: Contents Abstract Contents List of
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgement 109 Appendix 111 vi
Page 11 and 12: M-7/M-8 Mesodyn hydrographic snapsh
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 1.1 Baltic Sea - ba
Page 15: 4.32 Regression sea level dierence
Page 19 and 20: circulation above topographic anks
Page 21 and 22: 58 o N 190 230 210 100 75 100 100 7
Page 23 and 24: y 'new' deep water. For instance, i
Page 25 and 26: events. During and after such event
Page 27 and 28: this inow event was classied as 'mo
Page 29 and 30: Scale (PSS-78), roughly by 0.5%, as
Page 31 and 32: (Acoustic Doppler Current Proler) a
Page 33 and 34: for the southernmost zonal section
Page 35 and 36: whereas the length of the NE time s
Page 37 and 38: have a thickness of only 1.5 m in o
Page 39 and 40: dependent salt volumes for the deep
Page 41 and 42: 7 6.5 a Temperature ( o C) 6 5.5 5
Page 43 and 44: Potential Temperature ( o C) 8 7 6
Page 45 and 46: inowing waters masses with variable
Page 47 and 48: following these bounds will be used
Page 49 and 50: 60 80 100 −45 −50 −55 Pressur
Page 51 and 52: Monitoring Station BMP271 60 80 100
Page 53 and 54: Date 31.8.1997, 03.11.1997, 03.11.1
Page 55 and 56: 190 a 200 Depth (m) 210 220 230 240
Page 57 and 58: Date (ID) 〈S〉 V (g/kg) 〈θ〉
Page 59 and 60: deviation of the temperature uctuat
Page 61 and 62: 4. The Deep Circulation in the EGB
Page 63 and 64: Depth (m) 50 100 150 200 17 16 4.6
Page 65 and 66: For this reason, the displayed temp
Page 67 and 68:
6.4 6.3 178 m 208 m 223 m Daily Tem
Page 69 and 70:
The deep parts of the basin are exp
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On the 29 September 2006 between 60
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In the geostrophic balance horizont
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captured eastward velocities up to
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Figure 4.11: Modelled current veloc
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SFS and SFN. At the southern ank a
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Mean Volume Transports Mean Volume
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160 170 180 Volume of EGB below 170
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Basin 55.9 ◦ N. From there the bo
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Volume transports (km 3 /d) 15 10 5
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Gdansk Basin happened a few weeks e
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needs some explanation, since the l
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and Fig. 4.24 and displayed in Tabl
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Salt (t) 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x 10 10
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Time Period Stolpe Channel at 17.5
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Modelled volume transport through S
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discovered that most of the varianc
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to the right (perpendicular) to the
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of salty and often well oxygenated
Page 107 and 108:
Depth (m) 40 45 50 55 60 4 3 2 1 0
Page 109 and 110:
a correlation coecient of R=-0.68 a
Page 111 and 112:
5. Discussion and Conclusions 5.1 D
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graphic cross-sections, conducted i
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direction as the wind. The deep lay
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Bibliography Axell, L. B., 1998: On
Page 119 and 120:
Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski,
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Matthäus, W., 1993: Major inows of
Page 123 and 124:
Rubio, A., D. Gomis, G. Jordà and
Page 125 and 126:
Zhurbas, V., I. Oh and V. Paka, 200
Page 127 and 128:
Appendix Current speed and directio
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Current speed and direction (cm/s)
Page 131 and 132:
2 1.5 1 Cumulative volume through S
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Volume (km 3 ) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Page 135 and 136:
10 3 Regional Wind 7 Power Spectra
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NE along−slope at 178m 10 2 10 1
Page 139 and 140:
Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
Page 141 and 142:
26 (1997) Lakaschus, Sönke: Konzen
Page 143 and 144:
51 (2002) Wasmund, Norbert; Pollehn
Page 145 and 146:
78 (2009) Wasmund, Norbert; Pollehn
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Baltic Sea

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