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−30 Section across Stolpe Channel− IOW Bathymetry −40 7.8 kg m −3 −50 Depth (m) −60 −70 SFS SFN −80 −90 55 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 Latitude o N Figure 4.14: Sketch of volume transport calculations through the Stolpe Channel. 15 Transport ADCPs Transport MOM4 10 Transport (km 3 /day) 5 0 5 10 15 20/09/06 10/10/06 30/10/06 19/11/06 09/12/06 29/12/06 Date (dd/mm/yy) Figure 4.15: Comparison of hourly volume transports through the Stolpe Channel calculated from ADCP measurements with MOM model. 64
Mean Volume Transports Mean Volume Transports Time Period ADCPs VoltrpSF ADCP (km 3 /d) Model VoltrpSF 9.5 (km 3 /d) 23/09/2006 - 19/12/2006 (87 days) 0.75 ± 2.32 0.81 ± 3.15 29/09/2006 - 02/10/2006 (75 hours) 1.91 ± 0.93 14/10/2006 - 17/10/2006 (54 hours) 1.52 ± 1.15 28/11/2006 - 01/12/2006 (73 hours) 1.78 ± 1.36 Table 4.1: Comparison of geostrophically balanced mean volume transport across the Stolpe Channel for the whole measuring period between the ADCPs SFN/SFS and modelled transports for densities ≥ 9.5 kg/m 3 . Examples of mean volume transport of three detailed events. isopycnal identied in the CTD transects. This discrepancy is due to the fact that the salinity gradient in the model is not as pronounced as in the measurements (see Fig. 4.8 C, D for CTD transects, model transects not shown). Temperatures and salinities in the model are well reproduced by the model, but it has diculties expressing sharp salinity gradients. Average eastward transports are of around 5 km 3 /day and happen more frequently than westward transports (Fig. 4.15). When transports turn westward, they are in general slightly higher than eastward transports with about 7 km 3 /day. During the storm event on 4 November 2006 transports increased suddenly to over 15 km 3 /day. Modelled transports reect the estimated transport values from measured data very well. Largest transports are well and precisely captured by the model, but smaller transport values, especially at the beginning of the recording period, are going in the opposite direction. The model slightly overestimates transports in both eastward and westward directions. This is also visible in Table 4.1 where mean volume transports over the whole recording period are listed. Estimated mean volume transports from measured data are of 0.75 ± 2.32 km 3 /d, whereas the model produces mean transports of 0.81 ± 3.15 3 /d. On some occasions the model peaks early compared to the measured values. Cross-correlations between measured and modelled volume transports have a correlation coecient of 0.79 and no lag. Table 4.1 not only compares measured and modelled mean volume transport for the 87 days of deployment, but also lists measured transports of 2 − 4 days selected for three dierent occasions. The pulse-like eastward currents led to the question how much water passes the Stolpe Channel in one of these pulse-like events visible in Fig. 4.12, hence for three dierent occasions the eastward volume transport was calculated from ADCP measurements. The 2 − 4 day long strong eastward currents were more prominent and also stronger in ADCP SFN 65
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No 88 2012 Spatiotemporal Scales of
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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Abstract The Baltic Sea is surround
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Contents Abstract Contents List of
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Acknowledgement 109 Appendix 111 vi
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M-7/M-8 Mesodyn hydrographic snapsh
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List of Figures 1.1 Baltic Sea - ba
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4.32 Regression sea level dierence
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1. Introduction 1.1 Investigations
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circulation above topographic anks
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58 o N 190 230 210 100 75 100 100 7
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y 'new' deep water. For instance, i
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events. During and after such event
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this inow event was classied as 'mo
Page 29 and 30: Scale (PSS-78), roughly by 0.5%, as
Page 31 and 32: (Acoustic Doppler Current Proler) a
Page 33 and 34: for the southernmost zonal section
Page 35 and 36: whereas the length of the NE time s
Page 37 and 38: have a thickness of only 1.5 m in o
Page 39 and 40: dependent salt volumes for the deep
Page 41 and 42: 7 6.5 a Temperature ( o C) 6 5.5 5
Page 43 and 44: Potential Temperature ( o C) 8 7 6
Page 45 and 46: inowing waters masses with variable
Page 47 and 48: following these bounds will be used
Page 49 and 50: 60 80 100 −45 −50 −55 Pressur
Page 51 and 52: Monitoring Station BMP271 60 80 100
Page 53 and 54: Date 31.8.1997, 03.11.1997, 03.11.1
Page 55 and 56: 190 a 200 Depth (m) 210 220 230 240
Page 57 and 58: Date (ID) 〈S〉 V (g/kg) 〈θ〉
Page 59 and 60: deviation of the temperature uctuat
Page 61 and 62: 4. The Deep Circulation in the EGB
Page 63 and 64: Depth (m) 50 100 150 200 17 16 4.6
Page 65 and 66: For this reason, the displayed temp
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 6.3 178 m 208 m 223 m Daily Tem
Page 69 and 70: The deep parts of the basin are exp
Page 71 and 72: On the 29 September 2006 between 60
Page 73 and 74: In the geostrophic balance horizont
Page 75 and 76: captured eastward velocities up to
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4.11: Modelled current veloc
Page 79: SFS and SFN. At the southern ank a
Page 83 and 84: 160 170 180 Volume of EGB below 170
Page 85 and 86: Basin 55.9 ◦ N. From there the bo
Page 87 and 88: Volume transports (km 3 /d) 15 10 5
Page 89 and 90: Gdansk Basin happened a few weeks e
Page 91 and 92: needs some explanation, since the l
Page 93 and 94: and Fig. 4.24 and displayed in Tabl
Page 95 and 96: Salt (t) 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x 10 10
Page 97 and 98: Time Period Stolpe Channel at 17.5
Page 99 and 100: Modelled volume transport through S
Page 101 and 102: discovered that most of the varianc
Page 103 and 104: to the right (perpendicular) to the
Page 105 and 106: of salty and often well oxygenated
Page 107 and 108: Depth (m) 40 45 50 55 60 4 3 2 1 0
Page 109 and 110: a correlation coecient of R=-0.68 a
Page 111 and 112: 5. Discussion and Conclusions 5.1 D
Page 113 and 114: graphic cross-sections, conducted i
Page 115 and 116: direction as the wind. The deep lay
Page 117 and 118: Bibliography Axell, L. B., 1998: On
Page 119 and 120: Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski,
Page 121 and 122: Matthäus, W., 1993: Major inows of
Page 123 and 124: Rubio, A., D. Gomis, G. Jordà and
Page 125 and 126: Zhurbas, V., I. Oh and V. Paka, 200
Page 127 and 128: Appendix Current speed and directio
Page 129 and 130: Current speed and direction (cm/s)
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2 1.5 1 Cumulative volume through S
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Volume (km 3 ) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
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10 3 Regional Wind 7 Power Spectra
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NE along−slope at 178m 10 2 10 1
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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26 (1997) Lakaschus, Sönke: Konzen
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51 (2002) Wasmund, Norbert; Pollehn
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78 (2009) Wasmund, Norbert; Pollehn
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