Analysis and Ranking of the Acoustic Disturbance Potential of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation 2. MARINE MAMMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Summary of Marine Mammal Distribution in Alaska* A review of the seasonal distributions of marine mammals in Alaskan waters was necessary in order to evaluate the degree of exposure of marine mammals to noise in various areas and seasons. Many other reviews of these distributional data have been prepared for various parts of Alaska, and it was not our intention to duplicate these. Instead, we restricted our review to the minimum effort necessary to provide the distributional data needed for present purposes. 2.1.1 Methods To begin our limited review of the distribution of marine mammals in Alaska we compiled a list of 30 marine mammal species known to occur in Alaskan waters (Haley [ed.] 1978). We then examined the results of recent large-scale aerial and ship-based marine mammal surveys conducted in Alaskan waters (e. g. , Rice and Wolman 1982 ; Brueggeman et a1 . 1983, 1987; Leatherwood et al. 1983; Brueggeman and Grotefendt 1984). Individual species accounts within these reports were frequently very well researched and in addition to describing the observed distribution of a particular species in the specific study area, the authors cited numerous other pertinent reports. These citations included such diverse documents as environmental'synthesis reports and impact statements prepared for specific OCS planning areas, annual and final reports of studies sponsored by NOAA/OCSEAP and MMS, reports from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and National Marine Fisheries Service, major published oceanographic reviews (e.g., Hood and Calder 1981 ; Hood and Zimmerman 1986), and monographs and other technical publications. Each of these reports was also searched for references to relevant reports that had not already been examined. The final step was to review relevant bibliographies (e.g . , Severinghaus 1979; Braham 1986) to ensure that no major sources were missed. After reviewing the literature to this extent, we divided the 30 marine mammal species into three categories (Table 2.1). The first category (18 species) included those marine mammals for which Alaska,is a "significant" part of their range. We developed distribution maps for each of these species, using a common base map. These maps showed seasonal changes in range and distribution where possible. In addition to literature sources of the types mentioned above we utilized a pre-publication copy of the "Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas1' (NOAA 1988) for determining the seasonal distribution of some species, and "Alaska's Wildlife and Habitat1', Vol. 1 (ADFG 1973). A second category of marine mammals consisted of eight widely distributed species for which Alaska is a relatively unimportant part of the range. We have shown the Alaskan distribution of these species with maps taken from other sources. The final category consisted of four species that are rare or *G.W. Miller, LGL Ltd.
Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation Table 2.1. Common and scientific Names of 30 Alaskan Marine -1s. Category 1 . 1 2 3 Baleen Whales Bowhead Whale Right Whale Gray Whale Blue Whale Fin Whale Sei Whale Minke Whale Humpback Whale Balaena mysticetus .x Eubalaena glacialis Eschrichtius robustus X Balaenoptera musculus Balaenoptera physalus X Balaenoptera borealis Balaenoptera acutorostrata X Megaptera novaeangliae X X X X Toothed Whales Sperm Whale Narwhal White Whale Baird's Beaked Whale Cuvierls Beaked Whale Stejneger's Beaked Whale Killer Whale Pilot Whale Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Harbor Porpoise Dall l s Porpoise Physeter macrocephalus Monodon monoceros Delphinapterus leucas Berardius bairdii Ziphus cavirostris Mesoplodon stejnegeri - Orcinus orca Globicephala macForhynchus Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Phocoena phocoena Phocoenoides dalli Pinnipeds Steller 'sea Lion Eumetopias jubata Northern Fur Seal Callorhinus ursinus Walrus Odobenus rosmarus Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina Spotted Seal Phoca largha Ringed Seal Phoca hispida Ribbon Seal - Phoca fasciata Bearded Seal Erignathus barbatus Northern Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris Other Marine Mammals Sea Otter Polar Bear Enhydra lutris Ursus maritimus h he categories shown indicate the level of discussion and mapping produced for each species; see text.
Page 1 and 2: BBN Svstems and Technologies Cor~or
Page 3 and 4: Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Tec
Page 13: Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Tec
Page 20 and 21: H BOWERS BAW I ALEUTIAN ARC 3 STGEC
Page 31 and 32: A BEAUFORT SEA B U WCH SEA CHOPEaAS
Page 33 and 34: Report No. 6945 L 1 A. Baird's Beak
Page 38 and 39: A BEAUFCRT SEA B CHW(CH SEA CHOPEBA
Page 40 and 41: A BEAUFCRT SEA BWKQIYA DrnTONBAsw E
Page 42 and 43: A BEAUFORT SEA BCHlKCHSEA CHaeEansr
Page 45 and 46: on the ice. The single calves remai
Page 47 and 48: A 0EAUFaAT SEA BCHJKCH 9 A CHaPE BA
Page 49 and 50: BCmrcCHSEA CHOPEBnsw 0 NORTON 0Am E
Page 51 and 52: .. A BEWORT SEA B WKCH SEA CH)PEBAS
Page 53 and 54: Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and ~ec
Page 58 and 59: l fjG 1 ll.1 16:' 1 GI) 158 15.1 1
Page 60 and 61: Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Te~
Page 64 and 65:
Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Tec
Page 66 and 67:
Table 2.8. Characteristics of Under
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Report No. 6945 BBN Systems arid Te
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Report No'. 6945 BBN Systems and Te
Page 84 and 85:
Report No. 6945 , BBN Systems and T
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Report No, 6945 BBN Systems and Tec
Page 104 and 105:
Report No. 6945 BBN systems and Tec
Page 106 and 107:
FIG. 3.2 NOISE SPECTRA IN SHALLOW W
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Adapted From K.H. Jacob (1986) Cali
Page 114 and 115:
FIG. 3.8 ESTIMATED OVERALL SOUND LE
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
FIG. 3. Q UNDERWATER NOISE SPECTRA
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
FIG- 3.1 1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
Page 126 and 127:
FIG- 3-12 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF C
Page 128 and 129:
-- Alr Gun Array + Vlbrosels -* Ice
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
FIG. 3.14 REPRESENTATIVE SHIPS AND
Page 134 and 135:
BBN Systems and Technologies Corpor
Page 136 and 137:
~ -- -- FIG. 3.1 7 REPRESENTATIVE R
Page 138 and 139:
FIG. 3-18 REPRESENTATIVE CULTURAL S
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
FIG. 4.1 CORRECTION TO 300 M REFERE
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
A. 6. ~la~onca 011shwe. mm I C. MSI
Page 154 and 155:
Report No. 6945 BRN Systems and Tec
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
FIG. 4.1 1 AIR TO SHALLOW WATER SOU
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
~epbrt No. 6945 BBN Systems and Tec
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Report No. ,6945 BBN Systems and Te
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and ~ec
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Report No. 6945 - BBN Systems and T
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Report No. 6945 FIG. C. 1 A BBN Sys
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
FIG. D. 1 HUMAN VOCALIZATION AND AU
Page 288 and 289:
FIG. D. 3 ESTIMATED HEARING CHARACT
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304:
show all

Analysis and Ranking of the Acoustic Disturbance Potential of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?