Analysis and Ranking of the Acoustic Disturbance Potential of ...

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Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation frequency range believed to be important for baleen whales. The other species studied, including walrus, white whale, and Steller sea lion, were all predicted to have medium to low probability of acoustic influence from the sources considered. This is primarily a result of the fact that their optimal hearing sensitivity is at-frequencies above the dominant output frequencies of most man-made sources. Conclusions The modeling procedure developed in the study provides a means of ranking source - species encounter situations using acoustic principles. The principles employed have been used in similar ways, and to some extent validated as meaningful, to predict human annoyance as a function of industrial noise exposure. These predictions should be useful as hypotheses about some of the species and situations where noise impacts are most and least likely. However, the application of these models to marhe mammals has involved the use of several untested hypotheses. It has been necessary to use estimated and inferred values for many of the required model inputs where measured data are not presently available.
Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................... ABSTRACT ............................................................... EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................... SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 2. MARINE MAMMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS.. ....................................... 2.1 Summary of Marine Mammal Distribution in Alaska....... ...................................... 2.1.1 Methods ..................................... 2.1.2 Marine mammal distribution.. ................ 2.1.3 Marine mammal numbers as related to OCS planning areas.............................. 2.2 Marine Mammal Sounds ............................... 2.2.1 Toothed whales--calls and echolocation signals ..................................... 2.2.2 Baleen whales... ............................ 2.2.3 Pinnipeds ................................... 2.2.4 Seasonal aspects of sound production ........ 2.3 Marine Mammal Hearing .............................. 2.3.1 Frequency range and sensitivity ............. 2.3.2 Toothed whales .............................. 2.3.3 Pinnipeds ................................... 2.3.4 Effects of sound duration ................... 2.3.5 Auditory masking ............................ 2.3.6 Adaptations for reduced masking ............. 2.3.7 Audition in baleen whales.............,..... 2.4 Reactions of Marine Mammals to Man-Made Noise...... 2.4.1 Aircraft .................................... 2.4.2 Ships and boats. ............................ 2.4.3 Seismic exploration ......................... 2.44 Dredging and marine construction............
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Table 2.8. Characteristics of Under
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FIG. 3.2 NOISE SPECTRA IN SHALLOW W
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Adapted From K.H. Jacob (1986) Cali
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FIG. 3.8 ESTIMATED OVERALL SOUND LE
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FIG. 3. Q UNDERWATER NOISE SPECTRA
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FIG- 3.1 1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
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FIG- 3-12 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF C
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FIG. 3.14 REPRESENTATIVE SHIPS AND
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~ -- -- FIG. 3.1 7 REPRESENTATIVE R
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FIG. 3-18 REPRESENTATIVE CULTURAL S
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FIG. 4.1 CORRECTION TO 300 M REFERE
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FIG. D. 1 HUMAN VOCALIZATION AND AU
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FIG. D. 3 ESTIMATED HEARING CHARACT
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