Analysis and Ranking of the Acoustic Disturbance Potential of ...

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Report NO. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation TABLE 6.2 W R Y OF STANDARDIZED EXPOEURE RATING RESULTS FOR SELECTED OCS PLANNING AREAS Species Seas. / Gray Fin w k Killer Hite Ringed Harbor Fur Harbor Dell's Steller Area Cond. Source Ueln* Hale Hale Hale Hale Hale Seal Seal Seal Porpoise Porpoise Sea LiUt ....................................................................................................................................... Chukchi kr. Seismic Arrey (Med.)(l) Hioh(2) Mediu sea * Icebreaker (Mndiu) High Medium I Kulluk (Medim) Wium Lou Tug/Barge (Low) Mim Mediu Uint. Vibroseis' Medim ....................................................................................................................................... Norton Surf. Seismic Array (Medim) nigh Basin * Outdrive (Mediu)Mediun a Dredge (Medium) Medim Tug/Barge (Medium) Medium 13' Haler (Lou) Medium Neut. Seismic Array (Media) Mediun Icebreaker (Medium) Medim I Dredge (Low) Medium * Tug/Barge (Lou) Low ....................................................................................................................................... North Surf. Seismic Array Hioh (Medim) (Medim) (Madiun) Aleutim * Outdrive Mediu Mediu Medium (Medim) * 13' Haler Wiu Medi u Medium (Medim) Tup/Barge nigh Medirn Medium (Medim) u Trawler (High) (Lou) Lou (Low) Neut. Outdrive (Medium) Lou Mediun (Low) I Seismic Array (nioh) Medium Medim (Media) Tug/Barge (High) Lou Wiyn (Low) ....................................................................................................................................... Surf. Seismic Array (nigh) nigh (High) Medirn (Medim) (Medim) (Medim) Shul~gin * Outdrive (Medim) Medim (Medium) Medim (Lou) (Lou) (Lou) * Large tenker (Nigh) Hioh (High) High (Medim) Ferry/Cargo (Medim) Medirn (Medium) Mediun (Low) Neut. Seimic Array (High) (High) (Medim) (Medium) Mediun (Medim) Medium (Medim) ~arge Tanker (Hioh) (High) (Hioh) (High) High (High) High (Medium) * Ferry/Carpo (Medim) (Medim) (Medim) (Medim) Mediun (Medium) Medium (Lou) ....................................................................................................................................... not-: (1) Ratings enclosed in permthosir are inferred fra ratings for similar species end source output spectra. (2) Ihe ratirpr are head on area LER valws wing tho tollwing criteria: Hi*, tER *= la; Mediu, LER = 179 to 141; Lac, #R a= 110
Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation encounters. All of the other sources studied gave a medium to low SER ranking for the odontocetes and pinnipeds. They all have hearing characteristics which are most sensitive at high frequencies above the dominant output bandwidth of most of the man-made sources in the marine environment. The results for walrus, Steller sea lion, and Dallls porpoise are based on the use of hearing characteristics for California sea lion and harbor porpoise and may be incorrect if the actual hearing sensitivities are greatly different from the values assumed. # It may be important that the low-frequency sensitivity of odontocetes and pinnipeds has not been determined as precisely as would be desirable. Measurement difficulties in small test tanks have made it impractical to measure the low frequency hearing of most species. Some of the estimates that have been published may underestimate the hearing abilities of pinnipeds and toothed whales at frequencies below a few kilohertz. Thus, they may be somewhat more sensitive to industrial noise than the model estimates suggest. Predicted zones of influence The range at which a 50% probability of avoidance would be expected fcr gray whales (the "zone of influencet1) was estimated for the major noise sources in each of the four OCS planning areas studied in detail. The predicted ranges were based on calculated acoustic propagation charcteristics in all of the areas except the Chukchi Sea, where a limited set of measured data are available. The largest estimated zones of influence are produced by large tanker operation in the Shumagin area where a radius of 27 km is predicted and by dredge operation in the North Aleutian area which is predicted to have an effective zone radius of 20 km. Icebreaker operation in the North Aleutian area is probably infrequent, but if icebreakers are used in this area, a zone of influence radius of 40 km is estimated because of the predicted efficient mid-frequency sound transmission in this area. Sound transmission losses are estimated to be higher in the Norton Basin area. Because of this, the predicted zone of influence for icebreaker operation in Norton Sound is reduced to 12 km. The transmission loss data for the Chukchi Sea provide an estimated icebreaker zone of influence of 8 km during summer conditions and 5.4 km during winter conditions. No quantitative measurements of sound.levels observed to cause disturbance of marine mammals are available for airborne sound sources. Specific disturbance criteria are not therefore available. Some reported disturbance observations of harbor seals during aircraft overflights were used to obtain general estimates of minimum slant range distances for probable disturbance of this species. These overflight distances varied from 120 m for a light single engine propeller aircraft to about 420 m for a Boeing 727. Analysis of observations of walrus disturbance showed that these animals have highly variable response and may be disturbed by visual cues as well as acoustic noise levels. Their apparent sensitivity to intrusive sounds is considerably greater than harbor seals.
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A BEAUFORT SEA B U WCH SEA CHOPEaAS
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Report No. 6945 L 1 A. Baird's Beak
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A BEAUFCRT SEA B CHW(CH SEA CHOPEBA
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A BEAUFCRT SEA BWKQIYA DrnTONBAsw E
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A BEAUFORT SEA BCHlKCHSEA CHaeEansr
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on the ice. The single calves remai
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A 0EAUFaAT SEA BCHJKCH 9 A CHaPE BA
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BCmrcCHSEA CHOPEBnsw 0 NORTON 0Am E
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.. A BEWORT SEA B WKCH SEA CH)PEBAS
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Table 2.8. Characteristics of Under
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FIG. 3.2 NOISE SPECTRA IN SHALLOW W
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Adapted From K.H. Jacob (1986) Cali
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FIG. 3.8 ESTIMATED OVERALL SOUND LE
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FIG. 3. Q UNDERWATER NOISE SPECTRA
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FIG- 3.1 1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
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FIG- 3-12 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF C
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-- Alr Gun Array + Vlbrosels -* Ice
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FIG. 3.14 REPRESENTATIVE SHIPS AND
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~ -- -- FIG. 3.1 7 REPRESENTATIVE R
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FIG. 3-18 REPRESENTATIVE CULTURAL S
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FIG. 4.1 CORRECTION TO 300 M REFERE
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FIG. 4.1 1 AIR TO SHALLOW WATER SOU
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FIG. D. 1 HUMAN VOCALIZATION AND AU
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FIG. D. 3 ESTIMATED HEARING CHARACT
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