Analysis and Ranking of the Acoustic Disturbance Potential of ...

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Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation TABLE 6.1 SIGNIFICANT ACOUSTIC WCES IN THE ALASKAN MINE ENVIRONMENT TravTilr Fluc. Equiv. Swrce Type Speed Oai~nt BY, Hz Max 113 Oct,nz Tenporal Corr. Corr. Level Data (kts) fain f u Ls1,dB freq. LIZ,& Pattern TtlTr TflTr Leq.dB MeasIEst. Ref. ___________________--*---.-.------......---.-...-..-.--.....------....- Earthwkes fixed -
Report No. 6945 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation Guard icebreaking activities to one large Polar Class vessel in Alaskan waters and USCG icebreakers do not routinely support oil industry operation. The F-4C fighter aircraft is included in the table as a representative loud jet aircraft. Most commercial aircraft are 10 to 20 dB quieter, and small civil aviation aircraft 20 to 30 dB quieter. On a sound pressure basis, the source level of the F-4C can be seen to be equal to that of the icebreaker. (The underwater sound reference level of 1 vPa has been used for both sources. ) Noise levels from large military and commercial aircraft are highest near airports. In other areas these aircraft usually fly at high altitude which considerably reduces their noise at ground level. Small aircraft and helicopters often fly at low level along shorelines and estuaries to aid navigation. This procedure produces sporadic high noise levels on the ground near the flight paths. The large tanker example shown in the table is a steam turbine driven vessel which represents the upper range of large merchant vessels. Some supertankers may have up to 5 dB higher source 1evels.depending on their propulsion plant and propeller design. The major shipping industry sources in Alaska are the larger cargo, container, and tanker vessels that operate from the southern Alaska ports of Anchorage, Valdez, Seward and Kodiak to either the "lower 4811 or to Japan. The route that is most important from the standpoint of potential marine mammal noise impact is the route to Japan which goes along the Alaska Peninsula and through Unimak Pass. This is also the route used by fishing vessels and cargo shipments, generally with tugs and barges, to the settlements along the Bering Sea coast and the Arctic. The vessels operating for the tourist industry are also a significant part of the Alaskan marine environment. The cruise ships and ferries operating in Southeast Alaska, with acoustic source levels that range from 170 to 180 dB, maintain a schedule with typically more than 20 vessels per week along passages and channels frequented by humpback whales and other marine mammals. The vessels used by the fishing industry are less powerful than the icebreakers and large tankers represented in Table 6.1. Their acoustic source levels are lower, typically ranging from about 170 dB for trawlers at full speed to 160 dB for smaller high speed sports-fishing vessels. When operating individually, these vessels do not have as much noise impact potential as the larger cargo ves-sels and tankers. While the source levels of individual boats are relatively modest, the combined effect of several vessels operating at high speed in the same area can produce a zone of high sound level which is comparable to that produced by a much larger vessel. This type of effect is likely to occur during openings of fishing for restricted species where concentrations of vessels are present. Vessel concentrations may persist through the season in areas where species do not disperse. The major fishing vessel locations are Homer in Kachemak Bay, Kodiak Island, Seward, Sand Point, Dutch Harbor, and the settlements aJong the east end of Bristol Bay.
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H BOWERS BAW I ALEUTIAN ARC 3 STGEC
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A BEAUFORT SEA B U WCH SEA CHOPEaAS
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Report No. 6945 L 1 A. Baird's Beak
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on the ice. The single calves remai
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Table 2.8. Characteristics of Under
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FIG. 3.2 NOISE SPECTRA IN SHALLOW W
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Adapted From K.H. Jacob (1986) Cali
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FIG. 3.8 ESTIMATED OVERALL SOUND LE
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FIG. 3. Q UNDERWATER NOISE SPECTRA
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FIG- 3.1 1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
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FIG- 3-12 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF C
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-- Alr Gun Array + Vlbrosels -* Ice
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FIG. 3.14 REPRESENTATIVE SHIPS AND
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~ -- -- FIG. 3.1 7 REPRESENTATIVE R
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FIG. 3-18 REPRESENTATIVE CULTURAL S
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FIG. 4.1 CORRECTION TO 300 M REFERE
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A. 6. ~la~onca 011shwe. mm I C. MSI
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FIG. 4.1 1 AIR TO SHALLOW WATER SOU
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Report No. 6945 FIG. C. 1 A BBN Sys
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FIG. D. 1 HUMAN VOCALIZATION AND AU
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FIG. D. 3 ESTIMATED HEARING CHARACT
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