ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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independently developed its own national forest certification scheme endorsed by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). 54 As of 2009, 4.4 million hectares, representing 21 percent of the country’s forests, have been certified by the Malaysia Timber Certification Council (MTCC). Another internationally recognized forest certification scheme, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and an Indonesian certification scheme, LEI (Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia), have collectively certified nearly 3 million hectares in ASEAN countries, mostly in Indonesia (the FSC has certified 1.1. million hectares in Indonesia and approximately 70,000 hectares in Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos). 55 Beyond specific ASEAN measures and certification programs, other multilateral and bilateral processes with participation by ASEAN member countries have been undertaken to address various aspects of legal and sustainable sourcing and trade of wood products (table 5.3). Malaysia and Indonesia are in the process of negotiating with the European Commission to enter into voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) under the EU’s Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade action plan to enable easier exports to the EU. 56 The VPAs would create a legality licensing system that verifies the legal origin of exports to the EU. The United States has a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Indonesia on legal trade in forest products. One outcome of the MOU has been the Asia-Pacific Regional Dialogue to Promote Trade in Legally Harvested Forest Products, which currently includes four other ASEAN members in addition to Indonesia, as well as several other trading partners in East Asia. 57 These processes have resulted in a number of initiatives endorsed at very high levels of government and industry, but they have also produced an assortment of criteria and requirements that, as a practical matter, are complicated and confusing to producers, including ASEAN hardwood plywood and flooring exporters. 58 54 PEFC is an internationally recognized certification body that endorses national certification schemes that conform to its core standards. 55 See FSC Web site for information about global FSC certificates, including types of certificates and global distribution: http://www.fsc.org/facts-figures.html (accessed February 16, 2010); see also the LEI web site: http://www.lei.or.id/. 56 Ozinga, EU Forest Watch February 2010. 57 USTR, press release, September 2, 2009. 58 Simula, IITO, 30. 5-10
TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental processes to address legal and sustainable forest products production and trade When Process Sponsor Initiated Countries Summary Asia-Pacific Regional Dialogue to Promote Trade in Legally Harvested Forest Products U.S. and Indonesia 2009 Indonesia, U.S., Australia, Brunei, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands, and Vietnam Convened by the US and Indonesia in September 2009 pursuant to the U.S.- Indonesia MOU (see separate entry). The dialogue is intended to discuss issues related to trade in forest products among the invited countries. Both ministries of trade as well as ministries of forestry/environment participate. The second meeting is being planned. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Cooperation to Combat Illegal Logging and Associated Trade East Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Initiative (EA- FLEG) Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) voluntary partnership agreements (VPA) U.S. and Indonesia World Bank, governments, others European Commission 2006 U.S., Indonesia The MOU was developed under a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement concluded between Indonesia's Minister of Trade and Minister of Forestry and the United States Trade Representative. It created a Working Group that meets two or three times per year and provides a mechanism for consultation and cooperation to combat trade associated with illegal logging and promote sustainable management of Indonesia's forests. 2001 Countries in East Asia, EU, U.S. 2007 Malaysia, Indonesia, EU Launched as a coalition of governments and stakeholders to devise ways of addressing illegal logging and forest governance issues. Malaysia and Indonesia are in negotiations with the European Commission to form FLEGT VPAs whereby the EU would recognize a legality assurance system (LAS) involving the issuance of licenses to exporters that would ensure legal sourcing. The incentive offered is that a VPA would provide more secure access to the European market and give those countries potentially greater access to European foreign aid. Vietnam has started prenegotiations toward a VPA. 5-11
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes tren
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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
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CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
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Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
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LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
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Executive Summary The Association o
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Infrastructure and the legal framew
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Despite tariff reductions, the regi
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
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Participating countries also gain a
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TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
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transactions, reinvested earnings,
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Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
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CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
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BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
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BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
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BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
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progress has been only achieved in
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BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
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TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
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TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
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China is often viewed as a major co
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cases of dispute, but does not prov
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TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
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TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
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it maximally useful, such as the ab
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TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
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foreign ownership of express delive
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population that regularly uses the
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Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
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ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
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Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
Page 73 and 74: competition between ASEAN countries
Page 75 and 76: Regional Integration, Export Compet
Page 77 and 78: Supporting industries Another impor
Page 79 and 80: The AEF is unique within the region
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
Page 83 and 84: joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
Page 85 and 86: order to compete for investment (bo
Page 87 and 88: efficient service to tenants. Despi
Page 89 and 90: Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
Page 91: World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
Page 94 and 95: Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
Page 98 and 99: includes the production of cotton y
Page 100 and 101: BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
Page 102 and 103: national government source stated t
Page 104 and 105: strengthen supplier relationships.
Page 106 and 107: Indonesia has limited potential as
Page 108 and 109: investment, 67 with much of the inv
Page 110 and 111: Bibliography Association of Southea
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
Page 115 and 116: some cases, on the export of sawnwo
Page 117 and 118: TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
Page 119 and 120: industry are limited, particularly
Page 121: important factors continue to hampe
Page 125 and 126: Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
Page 129 and 130: FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
Page 131 and 132: Trade across land routes has been a
Page 133 and 134: Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
Page 135 and 136: Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
Page 139 and 140: In recent years, the traditional in
Page 141 and 142: services industry by developing the
Page 143 and 144: Only a few countries export large v
Page 145 and 146: growing populations, and increasing
Page 147 and 148: has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
Page 149 and 150: BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
Page 151 and 152: competition for foreign patients in
Page 153 and 154: Singaporean provider provides train
Page 155 and 156: Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
Page 157: Socio-economic and Environmental Re
Page 160 and 161: Within the broad priority sector, t
Page 162 and 163: Japanese automakers. Their supplier
Page 164 and 165: suppliers must be able to meet QCD
Page 166 and 167: BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
Page 168 and 169: Thailand is considered to be the mo
Page 170 and 171: Despite the continued implementatio
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TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
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Inbound Investment The investment e
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Trade Facilitation The timely movem
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Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
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Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
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(2) the development of ASEAN cooper
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productive in climates further from
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ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
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Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
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BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
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chain, from plantations to retailer
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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
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Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
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Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
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APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
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A-4
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E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
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APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
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APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
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Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
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FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
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cumbersome rules of origin, customs
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APPENDIX E Country Profiles
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BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
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INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
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TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
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TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
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TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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