ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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Competition between ASEAN countries hampers efforts to create a more integrated regional computer components production base. Cotton woven apparel Using financial incentives and government policies, ASEAN countries that produce computer components compete to attract export-oriented investment and jobs from multinational firms and integrate their economies into the global computer supply chain. These incentives and policies are generally not coordinated between ASEAN members governments, hampering regional competitiveness. Tariff reductions have helped facilitate a small but growing amount of integrated production of cotton woven apparel among ASEAN countries. However, trade programs such as free trade agreements have more heavily influenced regional integration. While integrated production of cotton woven apparel among the ASEAN countries is still at a low level, it has been growing over the last few years. Intra-ASEAN trade in cotton woven fabrics, the primary input in cotton woven apparel, increased by 13 percent, from $168.4 million in 2004 to $190.8 million in 2008. To a certain degree, the reduction in duties on fabric inputs among member countries, as outlined in the ASEAN Roadmap for Integration of Textiles and Apparel, helped facilitate this integration. But in most cases, these duty reductions do not provide an incentive for regional integration when the final apparel is exported outside of the ASEAN region. Other factors have had a greater influence on regional integration in this industry. For example, the ASEAN-Japan FTA implemented in 2008 has been a driver for integrated ASEAN production because of the rules of origin in the agreement. Also stimulating integration are such factors as the increased competition among global suppliers created by the removal of quotas on textiles and apparel and the granting by the United States of normal trade relations (NTR) status to Vietnam. Hardwood plywood and flooring Access to legally sourced and sustainable wood supplies is an important competitive factor affecting integration, export competitiveness, and inbound investment in the ASEAN hardwood plywood and flooring industry. To be competitive, ASEAN producers of hardwood plywood and flooring require access to wood raw materials that are becoming increasingly scarce, and they need to demonstrate to buyers in major markets that wood sources are legal and sustainable. In some fashion, each of the ASEAN countries regulates the volume of timber harvesting in natural forests, and some have imposed complete or partial bans on exports of wood raw materials. Amid mounting pressure to address illegal logging and deforestation, government (and other) buyers in consuming countries are increasingly requiring assurances that wood products are produced from legal and sustainable sources. ASEAN collaboration in responding to these concerns may be helping the industry to integrate in some respects, but ASEAN countries are also working independently in other bilateral and multilateral processes to protect their global competitiveness. xvi
Despite tariff reductions, the region’s competitive focus remains on exporting to major industrialized countries. Healthcare services Intra-ASEAN trade of hardwood plywood and flooring is small compared with exports to non-ASEAN markets; tariff reductions coupled with other trade facilitation measures may encourage more intra-regional trade, but the region’s hardwood plywood and flooring production is heavily weighted toward exports to Europe, Japan, and the United States. Over the past five years, China has become a formidable competitor to ASEAN in global markets, despite its own wood scarcity. Other significant challenges facing ASEAN hardwood plywood and flooring producers in major markets are product standards (such as formaldehyde emissions limits) and procurement policies requiring assurances of legal sourcing. Growth of private healthcare firms in the ASEAN market has generated increased trade and investment in healthcare services. Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand are the largest exporters of healthcare services, treating the largest number of foreign patients within their borders. Private healthcare firms from these countries have promoted their services in neighboring countries and expanded their presence by investing throughout the region to meet growing regional demand. Additionally, as these healthcare firms have grown, they have attracted increasing investment from investors outside of the ASEAN region. In response to rising regional trade and investment in the healthcare services industry, member governments and the ASEAN Secretariat have launched efforts to support continued growth. Motor vehicle parts Governments of ASEAN member countries are encouraging investment in, and promoting exports of, healthcare services through programs that simplify procedures for the movement of foreign patients across borders and liberalize investment barriers. Similarly, the ASEAN Secretariat has facilitated regional healthcare investment through recent negotiations under the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services, and initiated efforts to conclude mutual recognition agreements in certain medical professions. ASEAN has been successful at meeting critical Roadmap targets and facilitating regional integration within the automotive sector. Despite these achievements, the regional automotive industry and market have yet to fully integrate. ASEAN has eliminated duties or reduced nontariff measures for six members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) and implemented the ASEAN Industrial Cooperation Scheme (AICO); these initiatives have enhanced regional integration, export competitiveness, and inbound investment. Auto and parts manufacturers, in particular Japanese firms, have used the AICO system since the 1990s to develop an integrated production system in the region. ASEAN, however, has a history of national government intervention in support of local automotive industries through such measures as national car policies and local-content requirements that have protected local industries and encouraged the development of small-country markets. In addition, xvii
Page 1 and 2: United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5: Abstract This report describes tren
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
Page 15 and 16: LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary The Association o
Page 19: Infrastructure and the legal framew
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
Page 25 and 26: Participating countries also gain a
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
Page 29 and 30: transactions, reinvested earnings,
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
Page 35 and 36: BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
Page 37 and 38: BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
Page 39 and 40: BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
Page 41 and 42: progress has been only achieved in
Page 43 and 44: BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
Page 49 and 50: China is often viewed as a major co
Page 51 and 52: cases of dispute, but does not prov
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
Page 57 and 58: it maximally useful, such as the ab
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
Page 61 and 62: foreign ownership of express delive
Page 63 and 64: population that regularly uses the
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 67 and 68: ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
Page 69 and 70: Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
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CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
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competition between ASEAN countries
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Regional Integration, Export Compet
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Supporting industries Another impor
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The AEF is unique within the region
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TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
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joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
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order to compete for investment (bo
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efficient service to tenants. Despi
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Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
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World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
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Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
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TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
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includes the production of cotton y
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BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
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national government source stated t
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strengthen supplier relationships.
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Indonesia has limited potential as
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investment, 67 with much of the inv
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Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
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Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
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CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
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In recent years, the traditional in
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services industry by developing the
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Only a few countries export large v
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growing populations, and increasing
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has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
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BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
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competition for foreign patients in
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Singaporean provider provides train
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Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
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Socio-economic and Environmental Re
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Within the broad priority sector, t
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Japanese automakers. Their supplier
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suppliers must be able to meet QCD
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BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
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Thailand is considered to be the mo
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Despite the continued implementatio
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TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
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Inbound Investment The investment e
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Trade Facilitation The timely movem
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Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
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Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
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(2) the development of ASEAN cooper
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productive in climates further from
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ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
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Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
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BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
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chain, from plantations to retailer
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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
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Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
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Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
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APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
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A-4
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E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
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APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
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APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
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Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
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FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
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cumbersome rules of origin, customs
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APPENDIX E Country Profiles
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BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
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INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
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TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
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TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
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TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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