ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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economies) and export competitiveness. The former is based on macroeconomic factors, such as access to healthcare, education, macroeconomic stability, innovation, technological readiness, market size, the efficiency of the goods market, and the sophistication of the business and financial markets, that raise long-term economic growth rates and standards of living within an economy. 11 On the other hand, export competitiveness focuses more narrowly on specific industries and the factors that affect competition for global market share and exports. For example, in past reports, the USITC has defined export competitiveness “as the ability of producers to sell goods in foreign markets at price, quality, and timeliness comparable to competing foreign producers.” 12 Changes in export competitiveness indicate the relative positions of firms in international markets and their potential opportunities for growth and investment. To the extent that economic integration results in trade creation and overall gains to participating economies, it contributes to the long-term competitiveness of those countries. It also contributes to export competitiveness to the extent that firms located within the member countries are able to take advantage of economies of scale, improved market efficiencies, the creation of larger markets, and other opportunities from economic integration to expand exports. Export Competitiveness Factors A number of common supply and demand factors affect the ability of firms to export and increase market share (table 1.2). In general, factors that improve firm productivity and lower costs (supply side factors) improve industry competitiveness. Additionally, increasing demand or growth in demand for enhanced quality or specific product characteristics can also benefit specific firms, including exporters. Macroeconomic factors, such as exchange rates, also influence export competitiveness. A change in the “real” exchange rate affects the cost competitiveness of all industries in a country, while exchange rate volatility could reduce export demand to the extent buyers are faced with uncertain prices. These factors and their relationship to ASEAN industry competitiveness in the six sectors are discussed more fully in Chapters 3–8. 11 These factors, among others, form the basis for the World Economic Forum (WEF)’s Global Competitiveness Index. The remaining factors not listed in the text above are institutions, infrastructure, and labor market efficiency. WEF, Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010, 335. 12 USITC, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2009, 1–2. The European Commission (EC), using a definition like that of the USITC, defined industry competitiveness as the position of an industry relative to its foreign rivals in terms of market shares, volume of trade, and relative cost, particularly in regard to labor productivity and the relative cost of labor. See EC, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, “European Competitiveness Report,” 2009, 27. 1-4
TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Factors Demand and competitiveness: Demand-side factors: Growing demand in a group of countries engaged in an economic arrangement may benefit imports from outside the region. But it may also benefit specific exporters located inside the region, to the extent that those exporters have an advantage in supplying products with specific attributes that consumers value. Growing demand for final products that drives higher demand for intermediate products Changes in consumer tastes and preferences New standards or quality requirements Consumer concerns, such as the environment, fair trade, and labor protections Marketing practices Channels of distribution Supply and competitiveness: Supply-side factors: Lower production costs and/or increased firm productivity improve the ability of exporters to supply specific products at the lowest cost. Production costs (such as purchased inputs, labor, and capital costs) Labor productivity Investment Capacity utilization Infrastructure Proximity to the market Product innovation and entrepreneurial ability Industry structure (such as concentration or vertical and horizontal integration) Exchange rates: Exchange rate volatility and changes in the “real” exchange rate can affect export competitiveness. Exchange rate volatility increases risk from exporting and may deter producers from entering the export market. It may also induce buyers to switch sources of supply. An increase in a country’s real exchange rate, observed in changes in the relationship between domestic and foreign prices for the same goods, means that its exports may become more expensive than competing products in foreign markets. Sources: WEF, Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010; USITC, Wood Flooring and Hardwood Plywood, 2008, 6-2; other factors compiled by USITC staff. Inbound Investment According to the AEC Blueprint, “[s]ustained inflows of new investments and reinvestments will promote and ensure dynamic development of ASEAN economies.” 13 In general, inbound investment is calculated by measuring direct investment (which indicates a lasting interest in a foreign business enterprise), as opposed to portfolio investment (box 1.1). 13 ASEAN, “ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint,” November 20, 2007, section II.A3. 1-5
Page 1 and 2: United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5: Abstract This report describes tren
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
Page 15 and 16: LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary The Association o
Page 19 and 20: Infrastructure and the legal framew
Page 21 and 22: Despite tariff reductions, the regi
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
Page 25: Participating countries also gain a
Page 29 and 30: transactions, reinvested earnings,
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
Page 35 and 36: BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
Page 37 and 38: BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
Page 39 and 40: BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
Page 41 and 42: progress has been only achieved in
Page 43 and 44: BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
Page 49 and 50: China is often viewed as a major co
Page 51 and 52: cases of dispute, but does not prov
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
Page 57 and 58: it maximally useful, such as the ab
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
Page 61 and 62: foreign ownership of express delive
Page 63 and 64: population that regularly uses the
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 67 and 68: ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
Page 69 and 70: Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
Page 73 and 74: competition between ASEAN countries
Page 75 and 76: Regional Integration, Export Compet
Page 77 and 78:
Supporting industries Another impor
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The AEF is unique within the region
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TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
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joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
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order to compete for investment (bo
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efficient service to tenants. Despi
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Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
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World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
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Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
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TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
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includes the production of cotton y
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BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
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national government source stated t
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strengthen supplier relationships.
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Indonesia has limited potential as
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investment, 67 with much of the inv
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Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
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Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
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CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
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In recent years, the traditional in
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services industry by developing the
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Only a few countries export large v
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growing populations, and increasing
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has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
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BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
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competition for foreign patients in
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Singaporean provider provides train
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Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
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Socio-economic and Environmental Re
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Within the broad priority sector, t
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Japanese automakers. Their supplier
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suppliers must be able to meet QCD
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BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
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Thailand is considered to be the mo
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Despite the continued implementatio
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TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
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Inbound Investment The investment e
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Trade Facilitation The timely movem
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Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
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Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
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(2) the development of ASEAN cooper
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productive in climates further from
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ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
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Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
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BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
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chain, from plantations to retailer
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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
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Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
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Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
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APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
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A-4
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E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
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APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
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APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
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Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
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FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
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cumbersome rules of origin, customs
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APPENDIX E Country Profiles
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BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
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INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
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TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
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TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
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TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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