ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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ASEAN member countries have made limited progress in harmonizing automotive safety and environmental standards and improving customs cooperation and coordination. Further regional integration is key to improving the competitiveness of the regional motor vehicle parts industry by providing economies of scale. Palm Oil ASEAN’s large combined market provides it with the size necessary to manufacture components cost effectively. This is particularly important for the auto parts industry, which relies on production volume to lower costs and to supply auto assembly plants from a small number of focused production facilities. The Roadmap for Integration of Agro-based Products has had far less impact on the structure of the ASEAN palm oil industry than have multinational corporations and international groups. Two groups of influential actors have driven ASEAN regional actions in the palm oil industry over the last five years: multinational corporations, which produce and refine palm oil and process it into downstream goods, and international groups, such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), through which the corporations seek to influence developments in the palm oil market. Investment and purchasing decisions by multinational palm oil producers and consumers are largely driven by the low price and abundant supply of palm oil (relative to other vegetable oils) and increasingly by sustainability concerns surrounding palm oil production. ASEAN palm oil cultivation and initial processing can take place on a large scale in only two countries: Indonesia and Malaysia. Because of climate requirements and the need for milling soon after harvest, palm oil can only be a large-scale, commercially viable agro-based industry in Indonesia and Malaysia, although small-scale palm oil cultivation exists in several other ASEAN countries. The prime growing conditions and developed processing infrastructure in Indonesia and Malaysia make them the most important palm oil suppliers to ASEAN and the world. The low cost of this vegetable oil, coupled with production that far exceeds ASEAN demand, results in most ASEAN palm oil production being exported to large markets such as China, the EU, and India. xviii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Scope, and Organization of the Report This report provides an overview of regional trends in economic integration, export competitiveness, and inbound investment for 6 of 12 priority sectors identified in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community Blueprint adopted in November 2007; the six sectors are agro-based products, automotives, electronics, healthcare, textiles and apparel, and wood-based products. The report also identifies and describes an ASEAN industry within each of these sectors that has undergone either significant changes in regional economic integration with other ASEAN members, export competitiveness, or inbound investment in recent years; in some industries, there have been improvements in several of these areas. The six industries are computer components, cotton woven apparel, hardwood plywood and flooring, healthcare services, motor vehicle parts, and palm oil. Information is provided about each industry’s export competitiveness, trade flows, inbound investment, and leading competitive factors such as trade facilitation, logistics services, and e-commerce. This chapter defines key terms used in the report and identifies information sources. Chapter 2 provides information on ASEAN and ASEAN’s Economic Community Blueprint; trends in ASEAN economic integration, export competitiveness, and inbound investment; and regional improvements in trade facilitation, logistics services, and e- commerce. Chapters 3–8 describe these ASEAN regional trends more specifically for the six priority sectors. Chapters 3–8 also provide information about the six industries selected by the Commission, including (1) industry structure, size, and international competitiveness; (2) leading ASEAN exporting countries and major export markets; (3) leading ASEAN country recipients of inbound investment, the source countries of this investment, and ASEAN investment rules specific to the industry; (4) pairs or groups of ASEAN countries that have experienced significant economic integration in industry production and/or marketing; and (5) leading competitive factors affecting the industry’s regional integration, export competitiveness, and inbound investment. This report has been prepared by the United States International Trade Commission (USITC) at the request of the United States Trade Representative (USTR). 1 In its request letter, USTR noted that the 10 countries that are members of ASEAN have growing economies and a combined population of 550 million. As such, they are already an important market for U.S. companies, and they represent significant opportunities for expanded trade and investment. Trade between the United States and ASEAN countries has grown steadily in recent years, and in 2008 totaled $177 billion. ASEAN has a goal of achieving full regional economic integration by 2015. As a way to achieve this integration, ASEAN identified 12 priority sectors for accelerated economic integration. To assist U.S. trade policymakers in assessing progress toward this goal, USTR requested the USITC to prepare a report that would provide information about six of the priority sectors. 1 A copy of the letter from the USTR requesting this factfinding investigation is provided in app. A. 1-1
Page 1 and 2: United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5: Abstract This report describes tren
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
Page 15 and 16: LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary The Association o
Page 19 and 20: Infrastructure and the legal framew
Page 21: Despite tariff reductions, the regi
Page 25 and 26: Participating countries also gain a
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
Page 29 and 30: transactions, reinvested earnings,
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
Page 35 and 36: BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
Page 37 and 38: BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
Page 39 and 40: BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
Page 41 and 42: progress has been only achieved in
Page 43 and 44: BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
Page 49 and 50: China is often viewed as a major co
Page 51 and 52: cases of dispute, but does not prov
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
Page 57 and 58: it maximally useful, such as the ab
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
Page 61 and 62: foreign ownership of express delive
Page 63 and 64: population that regularly uses the
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 67 and 68: ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
Page 69 and 70: Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
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competition between ASEAN countries
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Regional Integration, Export Compet
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Supporting industries Another impor
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The AEF is unique within the region
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TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
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joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
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order to compete for investment (bo
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efficient service to tenants. Despi
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Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
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World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
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Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
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TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
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includes the production of cotton y
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BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
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national government source stated t
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strengthen supplier relationships.
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Indonesia has limited potential as
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investment, 67 with much of the inv
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Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
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Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
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CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
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In recent years, the traditional in
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services industry by developing the
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Only a few countries export large v
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growing populations, and increasing
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has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
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BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
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competition for foreign patients in
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Singaporean provider provides train
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Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
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Socio-economic and Environmental Re
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Within the broad priority sector, t
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Japanese automakers. Their supplier
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suppliers must be able to meet QCD
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BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
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Thailand is considered to be the mo
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Despite the continued implementatio
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TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
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Inbound Investment The investment e
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Trade Facilitation The timely movem
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Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
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Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
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(2) the development of ASEAN cooper
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productive in climates further from
Page 186 and 187:
ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
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Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
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BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
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chain, from plantations to retailer
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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
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Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
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Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
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APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
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A-4
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E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
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APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
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APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
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Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
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FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
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cumbersome rules of origin, customs
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APPENDIX E Country Profiles
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BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
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INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
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TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
Page 241 and 242:
TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
Page 243 and 244:
TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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