ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN investment, select activities, 2004–09 Year Investor country Investor company Target country Target company Nature of investment Value (est. million $) 2009 Malaysia IOI Corp. Indonesia (a) Plantation services 48.8 2009 Singapore Abaca Enterprise Indonesia Teguh Swakarsa Plantation operating 4.3 PTE Sejahtera services 2009 Malaysia Kwantas Corp. Indonesia Kinabalu Invesdag Plantation operating 2.4 Indonesia services 2009 Malaysia Dynasive Enterprise Indonesia Prima Alumga Planter 0.1 SDN 2008 Singapore Pacific Agriculture Indonesia PT Tunas Sejati Plantation operating
plantations in the prime growing areas (Indonesia) facilitating industrial integration. 61 This is particularly important for Singapore, which has almost no domestic palm oil industry other than refining and processing facilities. 62 On the other hand, Malaysia has a more integrated palm oil industry infrastructure than Indonesia but less land for possible production expansions because Indonesia has a land mass five times that of Malaysia (and has a larger labor pool). The majority of the available land in Malaysia has already been either converted to palm oil production or protected as conservation areas. 63 Among ASEAN countries, Indonesia and Malaysia have more liberal investment rules for foreign capital in the agricultural sector. They have encouraged investment from ASEAN (Malaysia, Singapore) and non-ASEAN (China, Japan, Korea) countries. 64 Indonesian law permits foreign ownership of companies up to 95 percent, which is beneficial for foreign investors unless they encounter difficulties finding Indonesian partners for the remaining 5 percent stake, which has occurred. 65 Malaysian law allows complete foreign ownership of companies with export-oriented production, but has restrictions on foreign ownership of land, which can hinder foreign investments and industry improvement. 66 Most ASEAN countries, though, significantly restrict the investment of foreign capital in agriculture. Restrictions range from bans on foreign ownership of land (such as palm oil plantations) to requirements for majority local ownership of manufacturing facilities (such as palm oil refineries). The tabulation below reflects the general restrictions on land and facilities investment by ASEAN countries: 61 USITC, hearing transcript, February 3, 2010, 37–38 (testimony of Rosidah Radzian, Embassy of Malaysia); industry representatives, interview by USITC staff, Jakarta, Indonesia, March 2, 2010; Sime Darby Plantation, “South East Asia,” 2008; industry representatives, interview by USITC staff, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 12, 2010. 62 Industry representatives, interview by USITC staff, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 12, 2010. 63 USITC, hearing transcript, February 3, 2010, 13, 34–35 (testimony of Rosidah Radzian, Embassy of Malaysia); Malaysian Palm Oil Council, “Oil Palm: Tree of Life,” 2006, 10; industry representatives, interview by USITC staff, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 12, 2010; BACP, “Market Transformation Strategy for Palm Oil,” May 1, 2008, 13. The cross-border investment figures in the table above do not reflect Indonesian domestic investment on palm oil projects, which would be expected to be much greater in monetary terms than its investment throughout ASEAN. Investment facilitation in certain ASEAN countries’ palm oil industries can occur at a very local level, as evidenced by 2009 requests made to the Small & Medium Enterprises Development Cluster of the East ASEAN Growth Area (EAGA), a subregional economic cooperation initiative, by a Philippines economic development council. Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), “Report of the 9th Small & Medium Enterprises Development (SMED) Cluster Meeting,” 2009, 7. See BIMP-EAGA, http://www.bimpbc.org. 64 Industry representatives, interview by USITC staff, Jakarta, Indonesia, March 2, 2010; industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Singapore, March 5, 2010. 65 Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Washington, D.C., February 18, 2010. 66 One industry representative indicated that the Malaysian government recently opened a new sector for foreign investment but capped foreign ownership at 49 percent. Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Singapore, March 5, 2010. 8-15
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes tren
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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
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CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
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Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
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LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
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Executive Summary The Association o
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Infrastructure and the legal framew
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Despite tariff reductions, the regi
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
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Participating countries also gain a
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TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
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transactions, reinvested earnings,
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Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
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CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
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BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
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BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
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BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
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progress has been only achieved in
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BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
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TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
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TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
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China is often viewed as a major co
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cases of dispute, but does not prov
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TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
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TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
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it maximally useful, such as the ab
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TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
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foreign ownership of express delive
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population that regularly uses the
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Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
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ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
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Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
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CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
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competition between ASEAN countries
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Regional Integration, Export Compet
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Supporting industries Another impor
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The AEF is unique within the region
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TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
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joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
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order to compete for investment (bo
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efficient service to tenants. Despi
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Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
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World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
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Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
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TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
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includes the production of cotton y
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BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
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national government source stated t
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strengthen supplier relationships.
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Indonesia has limited potential as
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investment, 67 with much of the inv
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Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
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Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
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CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
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In recent years, the traditional in
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services industry by developing the
Page 143 and 144: Only a few countries export large v
Page 145 and 146: growing populations, and increasing
Page 147 and 148: has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
Page 149 and 150: BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
Page 151 and 152: competition for foreign patients in
Page 153 and 154: Singaporean provider provides train
Page 155 and 156: Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
Page 157: Socio-economic and Environmental Re
Page 160 and 161: Within the broad priority sector, t
Page 162 and 163: Japanese automakers. Their supplier
Page 164 and 165: suppliers must be able to meet QCD
Page 166 and 167: BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
Page 168 and 169: Thailand is considered to be the mo
Page 170 and 171: Despite the continued implementatio
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
Page 174 and 175: Inbound Investment The investment e
Page 176 and 177: Trade Facilitation The timely movem
Page 178 and 179: Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
Page 180 and 181: Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
Page 182 and 183: (2) the development of ASEAN cooper
Page 184 and 185: productive in climates further from
Page 186 and 187: ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
Page 188 and 189: Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
Page 190 and 191: BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
Page 192 and 193: chain, from plantations to retailer
Page 196 and 197: Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
Page 198 and 199: Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
Page 201: APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
Page 204 and 205: A-4
Page 207 and 208: E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
Page 209: APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
Page 213: APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
Page 216 and 217: Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
Page 218 and 219: FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
Page 220 and 221: cumbersome rules of origin, customs
Page 223: APPENDIX E Country Profiles
Page 226 and 227: BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
Page 228 and 229: INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 230 and 231: MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 232 and 233: SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 234 and 235: VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
Page 237 and 238: TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
Page 239 and 240: TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
Page 241 and 242: TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
Page 243 and 244: TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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