ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC). East Asia: Regional Economic Integration and Implications for the United States. USITC Publication 2621. Washington, DC: USITC, May 1993. ———. Logistic Services: An Overview of the Global Market and Potential Effects of Removing Trade Impediments. USITC Publication 3770. Washington, DC: USITC, May 2005. ———. Wood Flooring and Hardwood Plywood: Competitive Conditions Affecting the U.S. Industries. USITC Publication 4032. Washington, DC: USITC, August 2008. ———. Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects of Infrastructure Conditions on Export Competitiveness, Third Annual Report. USITC Publication 4071. Washington, DC: USITC, April 2009. World Economic Forum (WEF). Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2009. http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/index.htm. 1-10
CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Regional Trends and Improvements Introduction to ASEAN ASEAN was established in 1967 to accelerate economic growth, promote regional peace and stability, and enhance cooperation on economic, social, cultural, technical, and educational matters. 1 The five founding countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—were later joined by Brunei Darussalam (Brunei) in 1984, Vietnam (1995), Burma (1997), Laos (1997), and Cambodia (1999). 2 Since its founding, ASEAN’s progress on economic integration has been affected by various factors. As a largely voluntary, consensus-based institution, 3 with an economically and politically diverse membership, ASEAN has generally followed a slow, step-by-step approach to building regional cooperation and has progressively entered into more legally binding and institutionalized agreements. 4 However, certain external events have stimulated faster and deeper progress on integration among member countries: a growing international trend toward regionalism and free trade agreements (FTAs), especially those involving ASEAN’s important trading partners; the Asian financial crisis of 1997; the rise of emerging economies that compete with ASEAN countries, especially China and India; and the 2008–09 global economic slowdown. 5 Although political security was ASEAN’s initial focus, economic cooperation grew in the 1970s with agreements on joint industrial projects and preferential trading arrangements (box 2.1). 6 The first substantial step toward integrating the ASEAN market came in 1992 when the ASEAN-6 agreed to establish the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). 7 The AFTA provided for the reduction or elimination of tariffs under a Common Effective Preferential Tariff scheme (CEPT) and the removal of quantitative restrictions and other nontariff measures (NTMs). It also addressed other cross-border measures, such as trade facilitation and standards harmonization. 8 ASEAN leaders signed agreements to liberalize services trade in 1995 (ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services, or AFAS) and 1 For more background on ASEAN, see ASEAN Secretariat Web site, “About ASEAN,” http://www.aseansec.org/about_ASEAN.html (accessed January 5, 2010). 2 East Timor and Papua New Guinea have shown an interest in joining ASEAN. 3 Atje, “ASEAN Economic Community: In Search of a Coherent External Policy,” 2007; Soesastro, “Implementing the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Blueprint,” 2007. 4 ASEAN Secretariat Web site, About ASEAN, http://www.aseansec.org/about_ASEAN.html (accessed January 5, 2010). According to one observer, the history and diversity of the ASEAN member states have resulted at times in a lack of political will and strong reluctance to cede national sovereignty to accelerate regional integration. Chia, “Trade and Investment Policies and Regional Economic Integration in East Asia,” April 2010, 8. 5 See, for example, ADB, Emerging Asian Regionalism, 2008, 22; ASEAN Secretariat, “Fact Sheet: An ASEAN Economic Community by 2015,” August 20, 2008; and Petri, “Competitiveness and Leverage: Benefits from an ASEAN Economic Community,” 2009, 216–217. 6 Declaration of ASEAN Concord, 1976; ASEAN Secretariat, “Economic Achievement,” n.d. 7 The ASEAN-6 countries are Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. 8 ASEAN Secretariat, “Economic Achievement,” n.d. 2-1
Page 1 and 2: United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5: Abstract This report describes tren
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
Page 15 and 16: LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary The Association o
Page 19 and 20: Infrastructure and the legal framew
Page 21 and 22: Despite tariff reductions, the regi
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
Page 25 and 26: Participating countries also gain a
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
Page 29 and 30: transactions, reinvested earnings,
Page 31: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 35 and 36: BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
Page 37 and 38: BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
Page 39 and 40: BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
Page 41 and 42: progress has been only achieved in
Page 43 and 44: BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
Page 49 and 50: China is often viewed as a major co
Page 51 and 52: cases of dispute, but does not prov
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
Page 57 and 58: it maximally useful, such as the ab
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
Page 61 and 62: foreign ownership of express delive
Page 63 and 64: population that regularly uses the
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 67 and 68: ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
Page 69 and 70: Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
Page 73 and 74: competition between ASEAN countries
Page 75 and 76: Regional Integration, Export Compet
Page 77 and 78: Supporting industries Another impor
Page 79 and 80: The AEF is unique within the region
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
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joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
Page 85 and 86:
order to compete for investment (bo
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efficient service to tenants. Despi
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Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
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World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
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Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
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TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
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includes the production of cotton y
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BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
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national government source stated t
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strengthen supplier relationships.
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Indonesia has limited potential as
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investment, 67 with much of the inv
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Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
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Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
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CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
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In recent years, the traditional in
Page 141 and 142:
services industry by developing the
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Only a few countries export large v
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growing populations, and increasing
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has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
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BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
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competition for foreign patients in
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Singaporean provider provides train
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Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
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Socio-economic and Environmental Re
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Within the broad priority sector, t
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Japanese automakers. Their supplier
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suppliers must be able to meet QCD
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BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
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Thailand is considered to be the mo
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Despite the continued implementatio
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TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
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Inbound Investment The investment e
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Trade Facilitation The timely movem
Page 178 and 179:
Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
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Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
Page 182 and 183:
(2) the development of ASEAN cooper
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productive in climates further from
Page 186 and 187:
ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
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Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
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BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
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chain, from plantations to retailer
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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
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Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
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Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
Page 201:
APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
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A-4
Page 207 and 208:
E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
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APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
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APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
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Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
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FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
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cumbersome rules of origin, customs
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APPENDIX E Country Profiles
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BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
Page 228 and 229:
INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 230 and 231:
MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 232 and 233:
SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
Page 239 and 240:
TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
Page 241 and 242:
TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
Page 243 and 244:
TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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