ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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lines to over 54,000, or 99.11 percent of all lines. 27 About 70 percent of ASEAN-4 intraregional tariff lines are now free of duty. 28 ASEAN rules governing the free flow of goods are largely contained in the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA), which consolidates and builds on existing initiatives related to trade in goods to provide a comprehensive legal framework (box 2.4). ATIGA entered into force on May 17, 2010, and by strengthening the rules governing the liberalization and facilitation of goods trade, it provides an important foundation for more rapidly achieving the AEC. Services trade liberalization among ASEAN countries has been conducted through successive rounds of negotiations aimed at progressively higher-level commitments, as mandated under the 1995 AFAS. 29 Services liberalization is undertaken according to the “ASEAN minus X” principle. Under this approach, two or more ASEAN countries that are ready may proceed to liberalize a services sector, while others can join at a later time. 30 To date, seven packages (or schedules) of commitments have been concluded, covering trade in a wide variety of services, including business and professional services (e.g., accounting, auditing, architecture, and engineering), construction, distribution, education, environment, healthcare, maritime transport, telecommunications, and tourism services. Negotiations to liberalize financial services and air transport services are conducted separately and have resulted in separate packages of commitments for each. 31 To facilitate the flow of foreign professionals in ASEAN, member countries have signed seven MRAs on architectural, accountancy, engineering, dental practitioner, medical practitioner, nursing, and surveying qualifications. 32 27 Government official, interview by Commission staff, Singapore, March 1, 2010. 28 Ibid. 29 ASEAN, “ASEAN Integration in Services,” August 2009. 30 ASEAN, “ASEAN Integration in Services,” August 2009, 10; Thangavelu, “Non-Tariff Barriers, Integration and Export Growth in ASEAN,” January 2010, 15. 31 ASEAN, “ASEAN Integration in Services,” August 2009, 13–14. Also, for all general services information, see ASEAN Secretariat, “Fact Sheet: ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services,” February 26, 2009. 32 “AEC Scorecard,” March 2010, 7. 2-10
BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds on the commitments under the following ASEAN economic initiatives: the Agreement on ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangements (1977), the Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area (1992), the ASEAN Agreement on Customs (1987), the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Mutual Recognition Arrangements (1998), the e-ASEAN Framework Agreement (2000), the Protocol Governing the Implementation of the ASEAN Harmonized Tariff Nomenclature (2003), the ASEAN Framework Agreement for the Integration of Priority Sectors (2004), and the Agreement to Establish and Implement the ASEAN Single Window (2005). Member states are to agree on the list of agreements to be superseded by ATIGA within six months from the date of ATIGA’s entry into force (by November 17, 2010). Among the provisions of ATIGA are those covering tariff liberalization schedules and commitments, rules of origin (which require regional value content of 40 percent or a change in tariff heading), a NTMs, trade facilitation, customs procedures, standards and conformance, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and trade remedy measures (as provided for in the WTO). To improve transparency, ATIGA requires member state notification of actions and measures they intend to take with respect to tariffs, NTMs, standards, SPS, and other measures; b requires publication of trade laws, regulations, and judicial decisions in accordance with article X of GATT 1994; and establishes a trade repository, which will publish on the Internet all member state trade and customs laws, measures, and procedures, including tariff schedules. The trade repository will include a database of NTMs, with a view to identifying NTMs for elimination. c Relevant ASEAN bodies are required to review any NTM notified or reported by any other member state or by the private sector with a view to determining whether the measure constitutes a nontariff barrier. ATIGA specifies deadlines for the elimination of identified nontariff barriers: by 2010 for the ASEAN-5, 2012 for the Philippines, and 2015 (with flexibilities to 2018) for the ASEAN-4. ATIGA also seeks to prevent member states from introducing new NTMs that are inconsistent with WTO obligations. d ATIGA provides guidance on the development and application of standards, technical regulations, and conformity assessment procedures, which are to be transparent and consistent with international standards and practice. It also directs member states to develop and implement sectoral Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs) and harmonized regulatory regimes. ATIGA includes an MRA on conformity assessment with respect to electrical and electronic equipment, and two agreements on harmonized regulatory regimes (for electrical equipment and cosmetics). e a ATIGA, 22. b See ATIGA, Annex 1. c According to the Secretariat, there is an outdated list of NTMs, which currently contains 7,378 NTMs, of which 43.9 percent are non-automatic licenses. Other categories are automatic licenses, quotas, prohibitions and quantitative restrictions, and tariff-rate quotas. Government official, interview by USITC staff, Singapore, March 1, 2010. The database can be found at http://www.aseansec.org/16355.htm. d ATIGA, articles 40–42. e ASEAN economic ministers signed an MRA for pharmaceutical products in 2009. Intra-ASEAN trade trends Two measures are typically cited to show trends in regional trade integration—the intraregional trade share and the intraregional trade intensity. 33 The intraregional trade share for ASEAN shows the share of total ASEAN trade that is accounted for by intra- ASEAN trade. 34 As shown in figure 2.1, intra-ASEAN trade decreased slightly as a share of total ASEAN trade between 2005 and 2009, declining from 25 to 24 percent. It remains smaller than that of other regional groups, such as the EU-15, the members of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and broader East Asia groupings that 33 Capannelli, Lee, and Petri, “Developing Indicators for Regional Economic Integration and Cooperation,” September 2009, 5; Plummer and Chia, “Assessing the Economics of the ASEAN Economic Community: Introduction,” 2009, 8. 34 Intraregional trade shares are upward biased because of double counting, which results from both Singapore’s entrepot role and production fragmentation. 2-11
Page 1 and 2: United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5: Abstract This report describes tren
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
Page 15 and 16: LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary The Association o
Page 19 and 20: Infrastructure and the legal framew
Page 21 and 22: Despite tariff reductions, the regi
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
Page 25 and 26: Participating countries also gain a
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
Page 29 and 30: transactions, reinvested earnings,
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
Page 35 and 36: BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
Page 37 and 38: BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
Page 39 and 40: BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
Page 41: progress has been only achieved in
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
Page 49 and 50: China is often viewed as a major co
Page 51 and 52: cases of dispute, but does not prov
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
Page 57 and 58: it maximally useful, such as the ab
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
Page 61 and 62: foreign ownership of express delive
Page 63 and 64: population that regularly uses the
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 67 and 68: ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
Page 69 and 70: Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
Page 73 and 74: competition between ASEAN countries
Page 75 and 76: Regional Integration, Export Compet
Page 77 and 78: Supporting industries Another impor
Page 79 and 80: The AEF is unique within the region
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
Page 83 and 84: joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
Page 85 and 86: order to compete for investment (bo
Page 87 and 88: efficient service to tenants. Despi
Page 89 and 90: Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
Page 91: World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
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Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
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TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
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includes the production of cotton y
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BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
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national government source stated t
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strengthen supplier relationships.
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Indonesia has limited potential as
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investment, 67 with much of the inv
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Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
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Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
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CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
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In recent years, the traditional in
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services industry by developing the
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Only a few countries export large v
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growing populations, and increasing
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has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
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BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
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competition for foreign patients in
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Singaporean provider provides train
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Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
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Socio-economic and Environmental Re
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Within the broad priority sector, t
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Japanese automakers. Their supplier
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suppliers must be able to meet QCD
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BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
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Thailand is considered to be the mo
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Despite the continued implementatio
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TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
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Inbound Investment The investment e
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Trade Facilitation The timely movem
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Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
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Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
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(2) the development of ASEAN cooper
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productive in climates further from
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ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
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Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
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BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
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chain, from plantations to retailer
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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
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Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
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Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
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APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
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A-4
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E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
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APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
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APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
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Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
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FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
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cumbersome rules of origin, customs
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APPENDIX E Country Profiles
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BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
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INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
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TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
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TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
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TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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