ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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ASEAN members Thailand and the Philippines consume as much palm oil as they produce domestically, although some trade occurs. TABLE 8.2 Palm oil: Exports by ASEAN country, 2004–08 (million $) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Crude and refined Malaysia 5,038 4,905 5,326 7,665 11,784 Indonesia 3,978 3,646 4,756 6,064 8,674 Singapore 110 266 213 273 371 Thailand 16 5 47 107 212 Vietnam 2 0 0 4 11 Other 1 4 3 10 8 Total ASEAN exports 9,145 8,826 10,345 14,123 21,060 Crude Indonesia 1,899 1,778 2,548 3,446 4,641 Malaysia 890 1,104 1,394 1,619 2,083 Thailand 5 1 44 95 208 Singapore 41 128 122 183 196 Cambodia 1 1 2 2 7 Other 0 0 0 2 1 Total ASEAN exports 2,835 3,012 4,109 5,347 7,136 Refined Malaysia 4,072 3,801 3,830 6,046 9,701 Indonesia 2,076 1,869 2,196 2,618 4,033 Singapore 57 137 90 90 175 Vietnam 2 0 0 4 11 Thailand 11 4 3 12 4 Other 1 2 0 7 1 Total ASEAN exports 6,219 5,813 6,119 8,777 13,925 Source: WITS, Integrated Data Warehouse (accessed January 5, 2010). Notes: Brunei, Burma, Indonesia, and Laos do not report trade data. Figures for ASEAN exports are based on those for partnercountry imports. Data for 2008 are understated, because numerous small countries and one identifiably important market (Bangladesh) have not reported 2008 import figures. Figures may not add to totals shown because of rounding. TABLE 8.3 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN trade, total and select countries, 2004–08 (million $) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Crude and refined Intra-ASEAN imports 601 315 407 386 1,012 Malaysia 356 157 282 291 614 Singapore 148 58 37 71 349 Thailand 39 9 1 1 34 Crude Intra-ASEAN imports 358 156 233 206 518 Malaysia 355 152 230 205 475 Thailand 0 0 0 0 33 Singapore 2 3 2 2 10 Refined Intra-ASEAN imports 237 159 174 179 494 Singapore 146 55 35 69 340 Malaysia 1 5 52 87 139 Philippines 50 85 80 21 10 Thailand 39 9 1 1 1 Source: WITS, Integrated Data Warehouse (accessed January 5, 2010). Notes: Brunei, Burma, Indonesia, and Laos do not report trade data. ASEAN exports based on partner-country imports. Data for 2008 are understated, because numerous small countries and one identifiably important market (Bangladesh) have not reported 2008 import figures. Figures may not add to totals shown because of rounding. 8-6
The largest markets for ASEAN palm oil lie outside ASEAN. 25 ASEAN countries devoted 97 percent of their palm oil exports to non-ASEAN markets, including four markets larger than ASEAN: China, the EU, India, and Pakistan. Note that the U.S. market for palm oil ($1.0 billion in 2008) (table 8.4) is roughly equivalent to intra- ASEAN import amounts ($1.0 billion in 2008) (table 8.3). TABLE 8.4 Palm oil: ASEAN exports to select non-ASEAN partners, 2004–08 (million $) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Crude and refined ASEAN exports to non-ASEAN partners 8,789 8,668 10,062 13,832 20,446 China 1,868 1,781 2,251 3,638 5,206 EU-27 1,447 1,474 1,756 2,427 3,866 India 1,707 1,281 1,163 1,434 2,425 Pakistan 640 752 762 1,146 1,674 USA 137 181 298 545 1,001 Total ASEAN exports 9,145 8,826 10,345 14,123 21,060 Crude EU-27 790 833 1,092 1,487 2,463 India 739 829 1,068 1,336 1,909 Pakistan 56 59 159 329 592 China 3 41 259 269 521 Bangladesh 448 482 694 903 n/a Total ASEAN exports 2,835 3,012 4,109 5,347 7,136 Refined China 1,864 1,740 1,992 3,370 4,685 EU-27 657 641 664 940 1,403 Pakistan 584 694 603 816 1,082 USA 137 181 298 545 1,001 Japan 233 211 233 369 586 Russia 172 262 237 279 542 Total ASEAN exports 6,219 5,813 6,119 8,777 13,925 Source: WITS, Integrated Data Warehouse (accessed January 5, 2010). Notes: Brunei, Burma, Indonesia, and Laos do not report trade data. Figures for ASEAN exports are based on those for partnercountry imports. Data for 2008 are understated, because numerous small countries and one identifiably important market (Bangladesh) have not reported 2008 import figures. Figures may not add to totals shown because of rounding. Notable differences exist between exports of ASEAN crude and refined palm oil. ASEAN crude palm oil is primarily exported to the EU and India, which have sufficient refining capacity available (table 8.3). ASEAN refined palm oil is primarily exported to China, which grows and imports soybeans and primarily devotes its refining capacity to that oilseed (table 8.4). Within ASEAN, crude palm oil is shipped overwhelmingly to Malaysia (91.7 percent in 2008) as feedstock for its refineries and downstream processing, and refined palm oil is primarily destined for Singapore, to be processed into food products and for re-export. 26 More than half of intra-ASEAN palm oil trade is of crude palm oil, indicating the presence of refinery facilities in countries other than Indonesia and Malaysia supplying global markets with finished palm oil products. The value of intra-ASEAN palm oil trade has increased by two-thirds during 2004–08, from $601 million to $1.0 billion, but the value of ASEAN palm oil exports to non- ASEAN markets increased far more, rising 133 percent to $20.4 billion. Tariffs are not a barrier to intra-ASEAN palm oil trade. Under ASEAN’s Common Effective Preferential 25 For a similar examination of the importance of non-ASEAN markets, see Sally, “Regional Economic Integration in Asia,” 2010. 26 APOC, “Palm Oil: Gift to Nature, Gift to Life,” n.d.; industry representatives, interview by USITC staff, Jakarta, Indonesia, March 2, 2010. 8-7
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes tren
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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
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CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
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Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
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LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
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Executive Summary The Association o
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Infrastructure and the legal framew
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Despite tariff reductions, the regi
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
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Participating countries also gain a
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TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
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transactions, reinvested earnings,
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Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
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CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
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BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
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BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
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BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
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progress has been only achieved in
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BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
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TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
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TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
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China is often viewed as a major co
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cases of dispute, but does not prov
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TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
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TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
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it maximally useful, such as the ab
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TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
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foreign ownership of express delive
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population that regularly uses the
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Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
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ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
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Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
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CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
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competition between ASEAN countries
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Regional Integration, Export Compet
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Supporting industries Another impor
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The AEF is unique within the region
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TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
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joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
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order to compete for investment (bo
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efficient service to tenants. Despi
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Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
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World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
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Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
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TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
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includes the production of cotton y
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BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
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national government source stated t
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strengthen supplier relationships.
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Indonesia has limited potential as
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investment, 67 with much of the inv
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Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
Page 135 and 136: Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
Page 139 and 140: In recent years, the traditional in
Page 141 and 142: services industry by developing the
Page 143 and 144: Only a few countries export large v
Page 145 and 146: growing populations, and increasing
Page 147 and 148: has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
Page 149 and 150: BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
Page 151 and 152: competition for foreign patients in
Page 153 and 154: Singaporean provider provides train
Page 155 and 156: Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
Page 157: Socio-economic and Environmental Re
Page 160 and 161: Within the broad priority sector, t
Page 162 and 163: Japanese automakers. Their supplier
Page 164 and 165: suppliers must be able to meet QCD
Page 166 and 167: BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
Page 168 and 169: Thailand is considered to be the mo
Page 170 and 171: Despite the continued implementatio
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
Page 174 and 175: Inbound Investment The investment e
Page 176 and 177: Trade Facilitation The timely movem
Page 178 and 179: Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
Page 180 and 181: Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
Page 182 and 183: (2) the development of ASEAN cooper
Page 184 and 185: productive in climates further from
Page 188 and 189: Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
Page 190 and 191: BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
Page 192 and 193: chain, from plantations to retailer
Page 194 and 195: TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
Page 196 and 197: Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
Page 198 and 199: Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
Page 201: APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
Page 204 and 205: A-4
Page 207 and 208: E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
Page 209: APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
Page 213: APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
Page 216 and 217: Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
Page 218 and 219: FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
Page 220 and 221: cumbersome rules of origin, customs
Page 223: APPENDIX E Country Profiles
Page 226 and 227: BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
Page 228 and 229: INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 230 and 231: MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 232 and 233: SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
Page 234 and 235: VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
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TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
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TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
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TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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