ASEAN: Regional Trends in Economic Integration, Export ... - USITC

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FIGURE 2.3 Broadband penetration: Subscribers remained highest in Singapore between 2004 and 2008 but increased in all ASEAN countries 25 Broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants 20 15 10 5 0 2004 2008 Source: International Telecommunications Union (ITU), ICT Eye database, accessed April 21, 2010. A sound legal framework for e-commerce gives consumers and businesses confidence that transactions are secure and makes compliance with business laws and regulations possible without excessive paper-based documentation. ASEAN members have made progress in developing their legal frameworks for e-commerce in recent years. For example, in 2004, only Brunei, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand had adopted laws on electronic contracting; at present, all members have done so except Cambodia and Laos. 131 Vietnam was particularly active in developing its legal framework for e- commerce during this period. Between 2004 and 2008, it enacted a Law on Electronic Transactions, a Law on Information Technology, and 11 decrees and circulars to implement provisions of these laws. 132 Nevertheless, getting the legal framework right is challenging for even the most active reformers. For example, despite Vietnam’s numerous reforms, businesses there do not conduct transactions through electronic data interchange (EDI) systems. 133 Industry representatives reported that electronic payments are difficult to implement because financial and accounting regulations require companies to obtain many physical signatures (e.g., from a company’s chief accountant and its director), and tax regulations require paper-based receipts. One multinational automobile manufacturer in Vietnam continues to use paper-based payments in Vietnam despite having implemented EDI at virtually every other location in the world. 134 ICT access, facility with ICTs, and willingness to make electronic transactions are more difficult to measure. One proxy for the first two factors is the percentage of the 131 Galexia, Harmonisation of E-Commerce Legal Infrastructure, April 2008; ASEAN Secretariat official, telephone interview by USITC staff, April 21, 2010. 132 Vietnam E-Commerce and IT Agency (VECITA), Vietnam E-commerce Report 2008, 11. 133 Government officials, interview by USITC staff, Hanoi, Vietnam, March 9, 2010. 134 Industry representatives, interviews by USITC staff, Hanoi, Vietnam, March 8 and 9, 2010. 2-30
population that regularly uses the Internet. In five ASEAN countries—Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, and the Philippines—less than 10 percent of the population used the Internet in 2008 (figure 2.4). In contrast, more than 50 percent of the populations in Malaysia and Brunei and nearly three-quarters of the population in Singapore used the Internet that year. Growth of Internet usage in Vietnam has been particularly impressive. It increased from 7.6 percent in 2004 to 23.9 percent in 2008, moving Vietnam from a position well below the global mean to just above it (figure 2.4). FIGURE 2.4 Internet usage: The majority of people in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore used the Internet in 2008, while less than 10 percent did so in five other ASEAN countries 80 70 Internet users per 100 inhabitants 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2004 2008 Source: International Telecommunications Union (ITU), ICT Eye database, accessed April 21, 2010. Willingness to make electronic transactions is a function of the aforementioned factors and, more broadly, of the amount of trust one places in electronic transactions and one’s openness to changing established business habits. In at least some ASEAN countries, trust may be one of the important factors slowing the growth of e-commerce. Returning to the example of Vietnam, consumers frequently make travel reservations over the Internet, but rarely purchase other goods or services online. 135 One source said that consumers mistrust online transactions because they fear that their financial information will be stolen. 136 Their reluctance may also be a function of established habits: officials at the Vietnam E-commerce and Information Technology Agency (VECITA) remarked that most Vietnamese Internet users are young people, yet executives of many companies are older. They do not often use the Internet and are accustomed to doing business offline. 137 Promotion of e-commerce is embedded in ASEAN’s economic integration agenda. The e- ASEAN Framework Agreement in 2000 enjoined members to “facilitate the growth of e- commerce in ASEAN” by enacting “laws and policies relating to electronic commerce 135 Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Hanoi, Vietnam, March 9, 2010. 136 U.S. Embassy official, e-mail to USITC staff, April 27, 2010. 137 Government officials, interview by USITC staff, Hanoi, Vietnam, March 9, 2010. 2-31
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes tren
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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 5 Wood
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CONTENTS―Continued Tables—Conti
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms 3PL ACCSQ ACDD ACE ACIA AD
Page 15 and 16: LPI MDF MFN MOU MRA MTCC NAFTA NAP
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary The Association o
Page 19 and 20: Infrastructure and the legal framew
Page 21 and 22: Despite tariff reductions, the regi
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose, Sco
Page 25 and 26: Participating countries also gain a
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1.2 Export Competitiveness Fa
Page 29 and 30: transactions, reinvested earnings,
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2 ASEAN and Selected Region
Page 35 and 36: BOX 2.1 Timeline of important miles
Page 37 and 38: BOX 2.2 AEC Blueprint: Goals and me
Page 39 and 40: BOX 2.3 ASEAN-wide free trade agree
Page 41 and 42: progress has been only achieved in
Page 43 and 44: BOX 2.4 What is ATIGA? ATIGA builds
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 2.2 Intra-ASEAN imports and e
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.4 Total imports, exports, a
Page 49 and 50: China is often viewed as a major co
Page 51 and 52: cases of dispute, but does not prov
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 2.6 Minimum permitted equity
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2.8 Ease of trading across bo
Page 57 and 58: it maximally useful, such as the ab
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2.9 ASEAN in the World Bank
Page 61: foreign ownership of express delive
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography Acoca, Brigitte. Empow
Page 67 and 68: ASEAN Economic Ministers. “Joint
Page 69 and 70: Malaysian Institute of Economic Res
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 Electronics: Computer Com
Page 73 and 74: competition between ASEAN countries
Page 75 and 76: Regional Integration, Export Compet
Page 77 and 78: Supporting industries Another impor
Page 79 and 80: The AEF is unique within the region
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 3.3 Computer components: ASEA
Page 83 and 84: joint R&D. 71 These advantages of l
Page 85 and 86: order to compete for investment (bo
Page 87 and 88: efficient service to tenants. Despi
Page 89 and 90: Bibliography Asian Productivity Org
Page 91: World Trade Organization (WTO). Inf
Page 94 and 95: Project to stimulate intra-ASEAN pr
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 4.2 Certain cotton woven fabr
Page 98 and 99: includes the production of cotton y
Page 100 and 101: BOX 4.1 Cotton woven apparel: Profi
Page 102 and 103: national government source stated t
Page 104 and 105: strengthen supplier relationships.
Page 106 and 107: Indonesia has limited potential as
Page 108 and 109: investment, 67 with much of the inv
Page 110 and 111: Bibliography Association of Southea
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CHAPTER 5 Wood-based Products: Hard
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some cases, on the export of sawnwo
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TABLE 5.1 Hardwood plywood and floo
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industry are limited, particularly
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important factors continue to hampe
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TABLE 5.3 Major intergovernmental p
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Export Competitiveness In 2008, ASE
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TABLE 5.6 Hardwood plywood and floo
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FDI in hardwood plywood and floorin
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Trade across land routes has been a
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Azarcon, Chulia J. “Comparative T
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Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MTI
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CHAPTER 6 Healthcare: Healthcare Se
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In recent years, the traditional in
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services industry by developing the
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Only a few countries export large v
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growing populations, and increasing
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has a healthcare MOU with Cambodia.
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BOX 6.1 Healthcare services: Profil
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competition for foreign patients in
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Singaporean provider provides train
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Giusti, Daniele, Bart Criel, and Xa
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Socio-economic and Environmental Re
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Within the broad priority sector, t
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Japanese automakers. Their supplier
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suppliers must be able to meet QCD
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BOX 7.2 Automotive: Profile of ASEA
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Thailand is considered to be the mo
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Despite the continued implementatio
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TABLE 7.2 Certain motor vehicle par
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Inbound Investment The investment e
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Trade Facilitation The timely movem
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Bibliography Aldaba, Rafaelita M.
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Thailand in the 2000’s. “Indust
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(2) the development of ASEAN cooper
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productive in climates further from
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ASEAN members Thailand and the Phil
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Tariff, import tariffs on palm oil
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BOX 8.1 Palm oil: Profile of ASEAN
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chain, from plantations to retailer
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TABLE 8.6 Palm oil: Intra-ASEAN inv
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Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Lao
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Hickman, Martin. “Online Protest
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APPENDIX A USTR Request Letter
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A-4
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E Federal Register /Vol. 74, No. 23
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APPENDIX C Calendar of Hearing Part
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APPENDIX D Positions of Interested
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Mr. Aquino noted that the Philippin
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FTA (AANZFTA), Australian and New Z
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cumbersome rules of origin, customs
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APPENDIX E Country Profiles
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BURMA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic Ind
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INDONESIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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MALAYSIA ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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SINGAPORE ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic
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VIETNAM ECONOMIC PROFILE Economic I
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TABLE F.1 Agro-based products: Prio
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TABLE F.3 Electronics: Priority sec
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TABLE F.4 Healthcare: Priority sect
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TABLE F.5 Textiles and apparel: Pri
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